Graphene oxide increases the viability of C2C12 myoblasts microencapsulated in alginate

Graphene Oxide/Polymer‐Based Biomaterials

“…A higher cell viability was achieved for scaffolds with 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt% and 0.5 wt% GO RGO and GO coating with 0.1 wt% GO/collagen [7] 3D porous structure by chemical crosslinking MC3T3-E1 RGO coated scaffolds showed higher bioactivity than GO coated scaffolds. Compressive strength of RGO and GO coated scaffolds were higher than pure collagen scaffolds 3 wt% GO/PVA [135] Hydrogels by chemical crosslinking chondrocyte GO/PVA hydrogels supported chondrocyte adhesion and growth and found promising for load bearing applications 0-500 μg ml À1 GO/RGD/ PLGA [30] ESM by electrospinning C2C12 GO stimulated myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells 0-500 μg ml À1 GO/RGD/ PLGA [31] ESM by electrospinning C2C12 GO enhanced growth and differentiation of C2C12 cells 10 μg ml À1 -1 mg ml À1 GO/ alginate [44] Hydrogel by cell microencapsulation C2C12 25-50 μg ml À1 cell laden hydrogels improved cell viability 100 μg ml À1 GO/gelatin [102] Hydrogel by cell microencapsulation C2C12 C2C12 grew and proliferated in GO/gelatin hydrogels. GO stimulated myogenic differentiation 0 and 2 wt% GO/PLGA [29] ESM by electrospinning PC12 2 wt% GO improved Tg and mechanical properties more than 1 wt% GO.…”

“…Finally, cell laden GO/alginate hydrogels were also prepared. Burgo et al [44] produced GO/alginate hydrogels with microencapsulated C2C12 myoblast cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that these structures were functional for the enhancement of the hamatocrit levels in mice.…”

Graphene oxide enhances alginate encapsulated cells viability and functionality while not affecting the foreign body response

“…This increment in EPO release was reflected in vivo by an enhancement of hematocrit levels after implantation in syngeneic mice of 160 µm diameter hybrid alginate-protein-coated GO (50 µg/ml) microcapsules containing C 2 C 12 -EPO myoblasts (Saenz Del Burgo et al., 2017 ). However, other cell types should be assessed both in vitro and in vivo (Ciriza et al., 2015 ), to confirm the successful results demonstrated by combining alginate microcapsule technology with GO.…”

“…In this regard, we combined cell microencapsulation technology with graphene oxide (GO), a highly oxidized form of chemically modified graphene, consisting of a single atom thick layer of graphene sheets with carboxylic acid, epoxide, and hydroxyl groups (Goenka et al., 2013 ). We incorporated different concentrations of GO into 160 µm diameter alginate microcapsules, showing that GO concentrations between 25 and 50 µg/ml increased the viability, metabolic activity, membrane integrity, and erythropoietin (EPO) release of encapsulated murine C 2 C 12 myoblasts genetically engineered to secrete murine erythropoietin (C 2 C 12 -EPO) (Ciriza et al., 2015 ), improving even more by the formation of a protein bio-corona with fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Saenz Del Burgo et al., 2017 ). This increment in EPO release was reflected in vivo by an enhancement of hematocrit levels after implantation in syngeneic mice of 160 µm diameter hybrid alginate-protein-coated GO (50 µg/ml) microcapsules containing C 2 C 12 -EPO myoblasts (Saenz Del Burgo et al., 2017 ).…”

Microencapsulated macrophages releases conditioned medium able to prevent epithelial to mesenchymal transition

“…The encapsulation of macrophages will allow the nutrients to go inside the capsule and the exit of therapeutic products, thereby allowing a sustained delivery of the molecule(s) secreted by macrophages. Moreover, this encapsulation approach will isolate the enclosed macrophages from the host immune system, preventing the recognition of the immobilized cells as foreign (Ciriza et al, 2015 ; Orive et al., 2010 ). In this sense, the microencapsulation of anti-inflammatory macrophages could be a feasible option in order to avoid the change on the phenotype of these cells.…”