Graphene oxide-mediated thermo-reversible bonds and <i>in situ</i> grown nano-rods trigger ‘self-healable’ interfaces in carbon fiber laminates

Banerjee, Poulami; Parasuram, Sampath; Kumar, S; Bose, Suryasarathi

doi:10.1039/d2nr01234k

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The advent of nanotechnology has brought significant advancements in developing hybrid CFRE composites with enhanced mechanical performance through interfacial engineering. In particular, nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), graphene oxide (GO), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon carbide (SiC), and silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) have been incorporated into the matrix via solvent-assisted methods and deposited onto CF fabric through different techniques, viz., chemical grafting, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), dip coating, and spray coating, to improve the performance of CFREs. − However, their commercial viability is still under question due to complexities in fabrication and long processing time, the use of harsh chemicals, poor control over deposition, and the need to use high temperatures and catalysts. Techniques such as chemical grafting and CVD result in the degradation of the inherent properties of CF due to the harsh treatment in these processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophoretically Deposited Multiscale Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Construct Mediated Interfacial Engineering in Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composites

Parasuram

Banerjee

Raj

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Fiber-reinforced polymer composites as a structural material have garnered tremendous interest over the past few decades. In particular, carbon fiberreinforced epoxy (CFRE) laminates have seen extensive use in the aircraft and aerospace industry. The role of the interface between the matrix and fiber is critical and dictates the overall structural properties of the CFRE laminate. Herein, we attempt to use a commercially viable, green, and facile approach, electrophoretic deposition (EPD), to deposit covalently coupled multiscale graphene oxide (GO)/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanoconstructs onto carbon fiber (CF) fabric. The rationale behind using these hybrid conjugates is to exploit the positive synergistic effect of combining two-dimensional (2D) GO and one-dimensional (1D) CNT nanoparticles, which provide strengthening through different mechanisms resulting in a stronger matrix/fiber interface. The modified laminate with just 0.1 wt % GO/CNT content exhibited an improvement in flexural strength (FS) by 24% and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) by 30% compared to the neat CFRE. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs confirmed uniform and homogeneous GO and GO/CNT deposition on CF. Raman, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses validate the successful functionalization of CNT and covalent coupling of GO and CNT. Atomic force microscope (AFM) and contact angle analyses indicate improved interaction between the CF and matrix. The deposition of the GO/CNT nanoconstruct on the CF improved the performance of CFREs owing to enhanced wettability, surface free energy, and surface roughness, leading to increased mechanical interlocking between the epoxy and CF at the interface. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed decreased segmental motion of epoxy chains due to improved interfacial adhesion following modification. Interesting observations were made in SEM fractography, which showed considerably different failure mechanisms in the modified CFREs. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of −45 dB was achieved in the case of the GO/CNT-CFRE system. Electrothermal heating and de-icing performance of the modified system were also explored in this study. This versatile approach can open up new avenues for CFRE modification leading to considerably improved performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophoretically Deposited Multiscale Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Construct Mediated Interfacial Engineering in Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composites

Parasuram

Banerjee

Raj

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Specifically, ILSS of BMI‐EP/CF and BMP‐EP/CF reached up to 78.6 ± 3.7 and 72.6 ± 3.5 MPa compared with that of DGEBA‐EP/CF, with an increase of 23.8% and 14.3%, respectively, this improvement was mainly attributed to the good processability and affinity of between the matrices and CF. In fact, as presented in Figure 5C, Table S6, BMP‐EP/CF possessed the better mechanical properties than analogous recyclable fiber‐reinforced epoxy thermosets composites, 13,19,22,41,57–60 and other systems through the interfacial modification 61–64 reported in previous studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Phosphonate‐influenced Diels‐Alder chemistry toward multi‐path recyclable, fire safe thermoset and its carbon fiber composites

Lü

et al. 2023

EcoMat

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Dynamic covalent chemistry offers a solution to tackle the recycling issue of epoxy resins (EPs) and their carbon fiber‐reinforced composites; however, the vulnerability to creep associated with the inflammable nature of the EPs are the key obstacles for their applications. Herein, we propose a feasible and facile strategy to overcome these obstacles by incorporating phosphorus‐influenced Diels‐Alder (DA) chemistry to construct dynamic epoxy networks. In the strategy, the electron‐withdrawing phosphonate in the dienophile maleimide greatly promotes the thermal stability of the DA reaction, exhibiting excellent creep resistance, repairability, and malleability; while its flame‐retardant activity improves the fire safety of the resultant thermosets. Meanwhile, nondestructive recycling of carbon fiber is achieved. The ease with which EP and its composites can be manufactured, used, recycled and re‐used–without losing service performance–points to new orientation in sustainable composites.image

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“…This indicates the thermo-reversible rejoining of debonded sites at the interface during self-healing. Evidence of DA bond formation has been presented in our previous work …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…ZnO nanorods on CF were grown using the method described in our previous work, and the resulting mat is referred to as ZnO–CF . Briefly, a uniform ZnO nanorod deposition on the surface of CFs was achieved using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique.…”

Section: Materials and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, post the self-healing cycle, strength recovery in terms of ILSS values of about 70% was observed. We also developed in situ-grown ZnO nanorod-modified CFs to improve the interface through mechanical interlocking . Two separate laminates were fabricated in this case, one with 10 layers of ZnO–CF and the other with 5 alternate layers of ZnO–CF and BMI–CF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced Mechanical and Self-Healing Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Laminates Using In Situ-Grown ZnO Nanorods and Thermo-Reversible Bonds

Banerjee,

Parasuram,

Kumar

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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Advanced hierarchical carbon fiber epoxy laminates with an engineered interface using in situ-grown ZnO nanorods on carbon fiber resulted in strong mechanical interlocking with the matrix. To further strengthen the interface, "site-specific" modification was realized by modifying the ZnO nanorods with bismaleimide (BMI), which facilitates "thermo-reversible" bonds with graphene oxide (GO) present in the matrix. The resulting laminates exhibited an improvement in flexural strength by 20% and in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) by 28%. In order to gain a mechanistic insight, few laminates were prepared by "nonselectively" modifying the ZnO-grown carbon fiber (CF) with BMI. The "nonselectively" modified laminates showed flexural strength and ILSS improvement by 43 and 39%, respectively. The "nonselective" modification resulted in a strong improvement in mechanical properties; however, the "site-specific" modification yielded a higher self-healing efficiency (81%). Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs, atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis, and contact angle analysis indicated a strong interaction of the modified CFs with the resin. Enhanced surface area and energy, along with a decrease in segmental molecular mobility observed from dynamic mechanical analysis, confirmed the mechanism for a better performance. Microscopic images revealed an improved interfacial behavior of the fractured samples, indicating a higher interfacial adhesion in the modified laminates. Besides mechanical properties, these laminates also showed excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance. The laminates with only ZnO-modified CF showed a high shielding effectiveness of −47 dB.

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Graphene oxide-mediated thermo-reversible bonds and in situ grown nano-rods trigger ‘self-healable’ interfaces in carbon fiber laminates

Abstract: Carbon fiber laminates have emerged as futuristic material having surpassed metals in strength and durability. The interfacial chemistry determines the mechanical performance of such laminates. In this study, a unique...

Cited by 8 publications

References 62 publications

Electrophoretically Deposited Multiscale Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Construct Mediated Interfacial Engineering in Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composites

Electrophoretically Deposited Multiscale Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Construct Mediated Interfacial Engineering in Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composites

Phosphonate‐influenced Diels‐Alder chemistry toward multi‐path recyclable, fire safe thermoset and its carbon fiber composites

Enhanced Mechanical and Self-Healing Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Laminates Using In Situ-Grown ZnO Nanorods and Thermo-Reversible Bonds

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