Graphene–Semiconductor Hybrid Photocatalysts and Their Application in Solar Fuel Production

Hydrogen Generation through Solar Photocatalytic Processes: A Review of the Configuration and the Properties of Effective Metal-Based Semiconductor Nanomaterials

“…In addition, an over potential of −0.41 V is required for the generation of hydrogen in aqueous solution [21], and consequently, the conduction band of the photocatalyst should be more negative than −0.41 V.…”

Two-dimensional MXenes: recent emerging applications

“…Traditional transition metal oxides (TMOs) such as TiO 2 , BiOCl, BiOBr, and a combination of metal–organic structures like graphene-based carbon nitride and 2D nanomaterials having bandgap tunable properties like MXene and phosphorene, can all be classified as photocatalysts. 49–51 …”

Sunlight-driven water-splitting using two-dimensional carbon based semiconductors

“…Due to excellent conductivity and zero band gap, which facilitate fast charge transfer on graphene surfaces, numerous nanohybrid composites of rGO with various semiconductors such as TiO 2 , ZnO, WO 3 , Cu 2 O, CuO, Fe 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnS, CdS, CdSe, Bi 2 WO 6 , MoS 2 , BiVO 4 , Sr 2 Ta 2 O 7 , InVO 4 , ZnFe 2 O 4 , etc., have been reported for photocatalytic and other applications. 60,[130][131][132][133] As per the rule of diffusion of charge (t ¼ d 2 /k 2 D, where d ¼ particle size, k ¼ constant, and D ¼ diffusion coefficient), two dimensional sheets are more appealing for the water splitting process due to the facilitation of transport of photogenerated charges to reaction sites prior to recombination. 134 Apart from high surface area and a more conductive surface, it has been reported that graphene can work as a macromolecular photosensitizer and reduce the band gap of semiconductors.…”