Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with matrix modification for determination of cadmium and lead in human urine

Subramanian, K. S.; Méranger, J. C.; MacKeen, Judy E.

doi:10.1021/ac00258a020

Cited by 63 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The concentrations of inorganic mercury (Hg) in plasma, erythrocytes and urine were determined by the method of Magos (Sugiyama-gen Mercury Vapor Meter MV-253R) 24,25) . The concentration of Cd and Cu in plasma and erythrocytes were measured by the flameless AAS after deproteinization by trichloroacetic acid (TCA); urinary Cd concentration by the method Subramanian et al 26) The concentrations of Zn in urine and plasma were determined by AAS after deproteinization by TCA; the erythrocyte Zn concentration by AAS after wet ashing. The concentrations of Cu, Cr and Mn in urine were analyzed by AAS after wet ashing, chelation by DDTC and extraction to MIBK; the plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of Cr and Mn by the flameless AAS using the standard addition technique after deproteinization by TCA.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian Rhythms of Seven Heavy Metals in Plasma, Erythrocytes and Urine in Men. Observation in Metal Workers.

et al. 2000

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To elucidate circadian rhythms (variation within a day) of 7 toxic or essential metals in plasma and erythrocytes in relation to the rhythms in urine in men, 19 male metal foundry workers were examined; they were exposed to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) occupationally but separated from the exposure during the study. Circadian rhythms were found for plasma concentration of Pb, cadmium (Cd), Zn, Cu and chromium (Cr) in the workers. Circadian rhythms were also found for Pb, inorganic mercury (Hg), Zn and Cr in erythrocytes and for all metals except Zn in urine. Both the plasma and urinary levels of Pb, Cd, Cu and Cr together with urinary excretion of Mn and creatinine tended to decrease during night hours; both the erythrocyte and urinary levels of Hg together with both the plasma and erythrocyte levels of Zn tended to increase during morning hours. The results of profile analysis suggested that the circadian rhythm of Pb in urine was affected more strongly by its plasma and erythrocyte rhythms than by the rhythm of creatinine in urine, i.e. the rhythm of glomerular filtration; the urinary rhythms of Cd, Cr, and Mn were affected more by the creatinine rhythm; and the urinary rhythm of Cu was affected by both its plasma and creatinine rhythms. On the other hand, the urinary rhythm of Hg was assumed to be independent of the creatinine rhythm and be affected by its erythrocyte rhythm. The present study suggested that different biological limit values might be needed for different hours of the day especially for shift workers who are exposed to various heavy metals. Instead, further studies should be conducted to find the adjustment methods by which no circadian rhythms are discerned.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian Rhythms of Seven Heavy Metals in Plasma, Erythrocytes and Urine in Men. Observation in Metal Workers.

et al. 2000

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“…A 10 µl aliquot of this solution was injected into a uncoated graphite tube. The cadmium in the solution was determined by reference to linear calibration curves prepared from 2 ml of standards including cadmium in a concentration range of 0 -8 µg l -1 and 2000 µg for each of Pd and NaN 3 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The thermal pretreatment curves, i.e., the influence of the thermal pretreatment temperature on the absorbance signals, for cadmium in 1% HNO 3 and 1% HCl solutions without a modifier, and for Cd in a 1% HCl solution including Pd alone and Pd plus NaN 3 as a modifier, for Cd in two-fold diluted urine including Pd alone and Pd plus NaN 3 are depicted in Fig 1. In absence of modifiers, severe analyte loss occurs, even at the low pyrolysis temperatures. The effect of chloride, as expected, is obviously seen from a comparison of the maximum attainable pyrolysis temperatures, and the absorbances obtained for Cd in 1% HNO 3 and 1% HCl matrices.…”

Section: Stabilizing Effects Of Pd-nan 3 Modifiermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now, several matrix modifiers, such as ammonium phosphates, ammonium nitrate and sulfate, magnesium nitrate, nitric acid, sodium hydroxide and palladium salts, have been used in the determination of Cd in various matrices by GFAAS. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Among these modifiers, palladium, which was first reported by Shan and Ni 11 , has experienced increasing interest for the determination of volatile elements by GFAAS. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Recent studies have indicated that the stability effect of palladium for volatile elements is concerned with its metallic form.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of Palladium–Sodium Azide Modifier for the Direct Determination of Urinary Cadmium by Graphite-Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Saraçoğlu

Elçi

1999

ANAL. SCI.

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Since the toxic effects of cadmium and its compounds are well known, the monitoring of this metal in body fluids is of substantial importance. The level of cadmium in urine is an important indicator of human exposure to this metal.Graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) has been widely used for the direct determination of Cd in urine, owing to its high sensitivity, speed and minimal contamination risks. However, the direct determination of Cd by GFAAS is not easy. Most of the difficulties can be explained by the combination of the matrix urine with a relatively high inorganic salt concentration and analyte, cadmium, that has a relatively high volatility. It can be concluded from recent studies that the most promising technique is to use matrix modifiers for volatilizing Cd at a temperature that leave inorganic salts in the graphite tube. Until now, several matrix modifiers, such as ammonium phosphates, ammonium nitrate and sulfate, magnesium nitrate, nitric acid, sodium hydroxide and palladium salts, have been used in the determination of Cd in various matrices by GFAAS.1-10 Among these modifiers, palladium, which was first reported by Shan and Ni 11 , has experienced increasing interest for the determination of volatile elements by GFAAS. 7-13 Recent studies have indicated that the stability effect of palladium for volatile elements is concerned with its metallic form.9,13-16 Therefore, palladium as a modifier is commonly used under reducing conditions. Palladium has been used with several reducing agents together, such as hydrazine, hydroxyl ammin hydrochloride and ascorbic acid. To the best of our knowledge, hitherto, palladium has not been combined with sodium azide as a reducing agent.The aim of present work was to experimentally evaluate the applicability of palladium combined with sodium azide for the determination of cadmium in urine. Experimental ApparatusA Hitachi (Model Z-8000) atomic absorption spectrometer with a Zeeman-effect background corrector equipped with a Hitachi Model graphite furnace atomizer (part No. 180-7400, uncoated tubes) was used through this work. The peak area (integrated absorbance) and peak height were automatically printed out and displayed using a Hitachi data processor. However, the peak-area absorbances were used to evaluate cadmium and the background absorbances. For cadmium, a hollow cathode lamp wavelength was set up 228.8 nm and a slit width to 0.7 nm. Argon served as a sheath gas at a flow rate of 200 ml min -1 . The absorbance of the atomization was measured without argon gas flow.Samples of 10 µl during the study were injected into the furnace using Eppendorf microliter pipettes with disposable polypropylene tips. The mass of the injected cadmium in the linear range of the calibration curve was 40 pg for optimization and comparison studies. Reagents and solutionAll reagents were from E. Merck and of pro analysis grade. A stock solution of cadmium (200 mg A combination of palladium and sodium azide is proposed as a mixed modifier for cadmium determinat...

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“…[7][8][9] Nonetheless, to solve the lack of sensitivity, the method of choice has routinely been the addition of chemical modifiers. [10][11][12][13] Many chemical modifiers have been used in the determination of cadmium, palladium and magnesium, being the most largely used, [14][15][16][17][18][19] sometimes in combination with other species (ammonium phosphate, 16,18,19 nickel 19 and sodium azide). 20 Ammonium salts [20][21][22][23] were used for the first time as chemical modifiers to thermally stabilize Cd.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel as a Chemical Modifier for Sensitivity Enhancement and Fast Atomization Processes in Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Cadmium in Biological and Environmental Samples

et al. 2003

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A systematic study of the efficiency of protons, Ni, Pd and Th as chemical modifiers for the determination of cadmium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) using fast temperature programs was made for platform atomization. A comparison was made in terms of the salt type, absorbance-time profiles and elimination of the sodium chloride interference. The results were adapted to develop a method for the ETAAS determination of cadmium in biological and environmental samples. The highest sensitivity to determine cadmium in biological and environmental samples was obtained using nickel (together with protons) as a chemical modifier. The accuracy of the method was tested by the determination of cadmium in different certified reference materials. The best detection limit and the characteristic mass of Cd were found to be 0.03 ng mL -1 and 0.35 pg, respectively.

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Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with matrix modification for determination of cadmium and lead in human urine

Cited by 63 publications

References 41 publications

Circadian Rhythms of Seven Heavy Metals in Plasma, Erythrocytes and Urine in Men. Observation in Metal Workers.

Circadian Rhythms of Seven Heavy Metals in Plasma, Erythrocytes and Urine in Men. Observation in Metal Workers.

Effectiveness of Palladium–Sodium Azide Modifier for the Direct Determination of Urinary Cadmium by Graphite-Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Nickel as a Chemical Modifier for Sensitivity Enhancement and Fast Atomization Processes in Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Cadmium in Biological and Environmental Samples

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