Greater Appetite Control Associated with an Increased Frequency of Eating in Lean Males

Speechly, D.P.; Buffenstein, Rochelle

doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0265

Cited by 81 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…There is no study evaluating the effect of an irregular meal pattern on appetite rating in response to a test meal. A few experiments altered meal frequency during the experimental day and showed a greater appetite control with a higher meal frequency in lean 24 and obese men. 25 However, these are not directly comparable to the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women

2004

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OBJECTIVES:To investigate the impact of irregular meal frequency on body weight, energy intake, appetite and resting energy expenditure in healthy lean women. DESIGN: Nine healthy lean women aged 18-42 y participated in a randomised crossover trial consisting of three phases over a total of 43 days. Subjects attended the laboratory at the start and end of phases 1 and 3. In Phase 1 (14 days), subjects were asked to consume similar things as normal, but either on 6 occasions per day (regular meal pattern) or follow a variable predetermined meal frequency (between 3 and 9 meals/day) with the same total number of meals over the week. In Phase 2 (14 days), subjects continued their normal diet as a wash-out period. In Phase 3 (14 days), subjects followed the alternative meal pattern to that followed in Phase 1. Subjects recorded their food intake for three predetermined days during the irregular period when they were eating 9, 3 and 6 meals/day. They also recorded their food intake on the corresponding days during the regular meal pattern period. Subjects fasted overnight prior to each laboratory visit, at which fasting resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by open-circuit indirect calorimetry. Postprandial metabolic rate was then measured for 3 h after the consumption of a milkshake test meal (50% CHO, 15% protein and 35% fat of energy content). Subjects rated appetite before and after the test meal. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in body weight and 3-day mean energy intake between the regular and irregular meal pattern. In the irregular period, the mean energy intake on the day when 9 meals were eaten was significantly greater than when 6 or 3 meals were consumed (P ¼ 0.0001). There was no significant difference between the 3 days of the regular meal pattern. Subjective appetite measurement showed no significant differences before and after the test meal in all visits. Fasting RMR showed no significant differences over the experiment. The overall thermic effect of food (TEF) over the 3 h after the test meal was significantly lower after the irregular meal pattern (P ¼ 0.003). CONCLUSION: Irregular meal frequency led to a lower postprandial energy expenditure compared with the regular meal frequency, while the mean energy intake was not significantly different between the two. The reduced TEF with the irregular meal frequency may lead to weight gain in the long term.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,6,[18][19][20][21][22][23] Studies considering appetite ratings derived from visual analogue scales (VAS) have been undertaken in lean 24 and obese. 25 In both cases, subjects were given a large breakfast on one occasion or 5 smaller meals at hourly intervals on the other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women

2004

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“…1 In line with this, Drummond et al 2 showed an inverse relationship between eating frequency and body weight status in male, but not female, non-obese adults, reporting valid dietary intakes. Moreover, a greater appetite control was associated with a manipulated increased frequency of eating in lean males, 3 and acute appetite reduction was associated with a manipulated increased frequency of eating in obese males. 4 The combination of these data suggests that improvements in appetite control appear when energy intake is spread evenly over the course of a day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Habitual meal frequency and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men

2002

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OBJECTIVE: Assessment of a possible relationship between habitual as well as manipulated meal frequency, blood glucose pattern, macronutrient-and energy intake (EI), and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men. DESIGN: A partially temporally isolated within-subject design assessing energy intake regulation in spite of intervention. Intervention consisted of manipulating meal frequency by offering iso-energetic (1 MJ) preloads high in fat or carbohydrate (CHO), with the same energy density. We have previously shown that after a high-CHO preload, inter-meal-interval was 1 h, while after a high-fat preload intermeal-interval was 2 h. SUBJECTS: Twenty healthy young (18 -31 y) normal weight (body mass index (BMI): 22.8 AE 1.9 kg=m 2 ) men. MEASUREMENTS: On two separate days, each after a different preload: subsequent subjects' responses to the preload, eg manipulated meal frequency; continuous blood glucose levels and blood glucose patterns: macronutrient composition of food intake; EI; appetite ratings; and taste perception. From controlled 3-day food intake diaries: habitual meal frequency; EI; and macronutrient-intake. RESULTS: Accuracy of energy intake regulation is expressed as minimizing the difference in energy intake, despite intervention. The difference in 24 h EI on the two test days after the preloads (r 2 ¼ 0.56; P < 0.001) was a function of habitual meal frequency. Variation in energy intake was primarily explained by habitual meal frequency (r 2 ¼ 0.76; P < 0.0001). Adding macronutrient composition and number of blood glucose declines to this increased the explained variation to 86 and 96%, respectively. Percentage energy from CHO or from fat explained the variation in habitual meal frequency (r 2 ¼ 0.84; P < 0.0001). Adding the total number of blood-glucose declines to this increased the explained variation to 88%, and adding average baseline blood glucose levels, sweetness perception and hunger suppression during preload consumption increased the explained variation to 91%. Manipulated meal frequency was related to habitual meal frequency (r 2 ¼ 0.86; P < 0.0001) and was a function of the number of transient and dynamic blood glucose declines (r 2 ¼ 0.74; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Habitual meal frequency is of greater significance in energy intake regulation in healthy young men than manipulated meal frequency. Healthy young men with a high habitual meal frequency showed lower 24 h EI, and a smaller difference in EI after macronutrient specific preloads, compared to those with a low habitual meal frequency, thus showing a more accurate energy intake regulation. Habitual meal frequency is based upon a cluster of related factors including macronutrient composition of the food, sweetness perception, hunger suppression, blood glucose declines and average baseline blood glucose levels.

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“…Speechly and Buffenstein [17] showed that an isocaloric preload meal over the course of the morning as opposed to a single breakfast leads to a significant 26% lower energy intake at a following ad libitum lunch and that splitting breakfast over the morning could help to better regulate cravings and show advantageous effects in weight loss regimens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morning Meal More Efficient for Fat Loss in a 3-Month Lifestyle Intervention

Lombardo

Bellia²,

Padua

et al. 2014

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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Objective: To evaluate the effects of 2 low-calorie diets but with different distributions of calories throughout the day on weight loss and other major obesity-related metabolic parameters.Methods: We randomly assigned 42 nonsmoking homemakers (age = 46.3 ± 2.3 years, body mass index [BMI] = 35.7 ± 0.8 kg/m 2 , mean ± SD) in 2 groups of 21 subjects (G1 and G2). The participants underwent a 3 month individualized Mediterranean-style diet (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein and fiber > 30 g), calorie (600 kcal daily deficit compared to the total energy expenditure measured by a metabolic Holter). Diets consisted of the same food and complied with cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines but differed in the distribution of calories throughout the day (G1: 70% breakfast, morning snack, lunch and 30% afternoon snack and dinner; G2: 55 breakfast, morning snack, lunch and 45% afternoon snack and dinner). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used for pre-and postintervention body composition assessment.Results: Thirty-six subjects completed the study (G1 = 18, G2 = 18). Both groups had significant improvements in body composition and metabolic parameters but G1 had enhanced results for weight loss (G1: −8.2 ± 3.0 kg; G2: −6.5 ± 3.4 kg; p = 0.028), waist circumference reduction (G1: −7 ± 0.6 cm; G2: −5 ± 0.3 cm; p = 0.033), and fat mass loss (G1: −6.8 ± 2.1 kg, G2: −4.5 ± 2.9 kg, p = 0.031; mean ± SD). Improvements were detected in both groups for blood pressure and blood and lipid parameters. G1 subjects showed a greater improvement in insulin sensitivity measured by homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (G1: −1.37 ± 0.27, G2: −0.74 ± 0.12, p = 0.017).Conclusions: These data suggest that a low-calorie Mediterranean diet with a higher amount of calories in the first part of the day could establish a greater reduction in fat mass and improved insulin sensitivity than a typical daily diet.

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Greater Appetite Control Associated with an Increased Frequency of Eating in Lean Males

Cited by 81 publications

References 23 publications

Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women

Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women

Habitual meal frequency and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men

Morning Meal More Efficient for Fat Loss in a 3-Month Lifestyle Intervention

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