Green and Blue Water Footprint Accounting for Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Primary Region of Mexico

Lopez, Lucia Irene Flores; Bautista-Capetillo, Carlos

doi:10.3390/su7033001

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…WFs can be reduced by diminishing the no beneficial component of evapotranspiration from crop fields, by mulching and better irrigation practices [25]. Adjustments in crop planting dates and selecting appropriate crop varieties that yield more crop per drop are other possible ways to increase water productivity and reduce WFs per tonne of crop [26,27]. In addition, knowledge on the water requirements per unit of crop under certain climatic conditions may result in a reconsideration of the crop production pattern in the country.…”

Section: Added Value Of Wf Assessment For Iran's Food and Water Securmentioning

confidence: 99%

Informing National Food and Water Security Policy through Water Footprint Assessment: the Case of Iran

Karandish

Hoekstra

2017

Water

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Iran’s focus on food self-sufficiency has led to an emphasis on increasing water volumes available for irrigation with little attention to water use efficiency, and no attention at all to the role of consumption and trade. To better understand the development of water consumption in relation to food production, consumption, and trade, we carried out the first comprehensive water footprint assessment (WFA) for Iran, for the period 1980–2010, and estimated the water saving per province associated with interprovincial and international crop trade. Based on the AquaCrop model, we estimated the green and blue water footprint (WF) related to both the production and consumption of 26 crops, per year and on a daily basis, for 30 provinces of Iran. We find that, in the period 1980–2010, crop production increased by 175%, the total WF of crop production by 122%, and the blue WF by 20%. The national population grew by 92%, and the crop consumption per capita by 20%, resulting in a 130% increase in total food consumption and a 110% increase in the total WF of national crop consumption. In 2010, 26% of the total water consumption in the semi-arid region served the production of crops for export to other regions within Iran (mainly cereals) or abroad (mainly fruits and nuts). Iran’s interprovincial virtual water trade grew by a factor of 1.6, which was mainly due to increased interprovincial trade in cereals, nuts, and fruits. Current Iranian food and water policy could be enriched by reducing the WFs of crop production to certain benchmark levels per crop and climatic region and aligning cropping patterns to spatial differences in water availability and productivities, and by paying due attention to the increasing food consumption per capita in Iran.

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Section: Added Value Of Wf Assessment For Iran's Food and Water Securmentioning

confidence: 99%

Informing National Food and Water Security Policy through Water Footprint Assessment: the Case of Iran

Karandish

Hoekstra

2017

Water

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“…This study’s results demonstrated that an integrated approach based on inter-provincial trade network and structural modifications in the agricultural system would assure food self-sufficiency and control the water crisis. Cropping pattern modifications and associated increased water productivity and decreasing WF blue per ton of crops would be effective in controlling water crisis, something that has been reported previously in studies involving other regions [see, e.g., Lopez and Bautista-Capetillo 64 and Zhuo et al 65 ]. In fact, the weakness of Iranian policy is separating the trade network, food self-sufficiency, and water crisis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Optimal virtual water flows for improved food security in water-scarce countries

Maroufpoor

Bozorg‐Haddad

Maroufpoor

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The worsening water scarcity has imposed a significant stress on food production in many parts of the world. This stress becomes more critical when countries seek self-sufficiency. A literature review shows that food self-sufficiency has not been assessed as the main factor in determining the optimal cultivation patterns. However, food self-sufficiency is one of the main policies of these countries and requires the most attention and concentration. Previous works have focused on the virtual water trade to meet regional food demand and to calculate trade flows. The potential of the trade network can be exploited to improve the cropping pattern to ensure food and water security. To this end, and based on the research gaps mentioned, this study develops a method to link intra-country trade networks, food security, and total water footprints (WFs) to improve food security. The method is applied in Iran, a water-scarce country. The study shows that 781 × 106 m3 of water could be saved by creating a trade network. Results of the balanced trade network are input to a multi-objective optimization model to improve cropping patterns based on the objectives of achieving food security and preventing water crises. The method provides 400 management scenarios to improve cropping patterns considering 51 main crops in Iran. Results show a range of improvements in food security (19–45%) and a decrease in WFs (2–3%). The selected scenario for Iran would reduce the blue water footprint by 1207 × 106 m3, and reduce the cropland area by 19 × 103 ha. This methodology allows decision makers to develop policies that achieve food security under limited water resources in arid and semi-arid regions.

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“…The WF is an indicator that allows to evaluate the natural, economic and social sustainability of the water resource in a specific geographical area, and therefore, they play a fundamental role in the prevention and resolution of socio-environmental conflicts, associated with the use of the water resource (63,64) . Delgado (65) suggests that the inclusion of this indicator, as a water management strategy, allows communities to associate the relevance of efficient use of water resources in their territories, which is why WF is being used worldwide to improve water management in the different anthropic activities, which require the resource (66,67) . In addition, WF has been used in food safety studies as shown in Hong Kong where water use was evaluated according to the diets of the population with the purpose of determine critical or unsustainable diets, also, this study allowed to identify a decrease in per capita consumption of 355 to 326 l/day in two years by responsible consumption policies in this country (68) .…”

Section: Water Footprint and Its Relationship With Societymentioning

confidence: 99%

Huella hídrica: Una herramienta eficaz para el desafío de la sostenibilidad del agua

Vargas-Pineda

Trujillo‐González

Torres-Mora

2020

inycomp

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El agua es un líquido indispensable tanto para subsistir como para el desarrollo de la sociedad. No obstante, actualmente la disponibilidad de agua preocupa a la comunidad mundial por la intensa aparición de escenarios de escasez física y económica del recurso. Razón por la cual, es necesario que este recurso tenga una gestión eficiente, de tal manera que satisfaga las necesidades actuales, sin comprometer su uso en el futuro. Este artículo, presentará un análisis conceptual de la dinámica del recurso con énfasis en la escasez, y la importancia de la gestión integral, alrededor de un indicador como la huella hídrica, vista como una herramienta eficaz para la toma de decisiones.

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Green and Blue Water Footprint Accounting for Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Primary Region of Mexico

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

Informing National Food and Water Security Policy through Water Footprint Assessment: the Case of Iran

Informing National Food and Water Security Policy through Water Footprint Assessment: the Case of Iran

Optimal virtual water flows for improved food security in water-scarce countries

Huella hídrica: Una herramienta eficaz para el desafío de la sostenibilidad del agua

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