Green hydrogen standard in China: Standard and evaluation of low-carbon hydrogen, clean hydrogen, and renewable hydrogen

Perspective and analysis of ammonia-based distributed energy system (DES) for achieving low carbon community in China

“…Another category is pink ammonia (nuclear-based ammonia synthesis) ( Boero et al., 2021 ), which has the lowest global warming potential (0.09 t CO 2 -eq/t NH 3 ) ( Bicer and Dincer, 2017 ). Brown and green ammonia are included in this study as hydrogen from coal gasification account for 63.54% of hydrogen production in China ( Liu et al., 2022 ), and the entirely electrochemical, renewable energy-powered green ammonia synthesis technology is expected to dominate in the future ( MacFarlane et al., 2020 ). Blue ammonia, which has no economic advantage with carbon capture and storage units ( Oni et al., 2022 ), gray and pink ammonia, accounting for a relatively small amount in China ( Liu et al., 2022 ), were not included in this study.…”

“…At present, more than 90% of the ammonia produced in the world is obtained through the Haber-Bosch process ( Gálvez et al., 2007 ). The Haber-Bosch process uses hydrogen produced from fossil energy and N 2 separated from the air as raw materials to produce ammonia, which accounts for more than 90% of ammonia production in China ( Giddey et al., 2017 ; Liu et al., 2022 ; Smith et al., 2020 ). Both ammonia production process and the transportation phase generate carbon emissions ( Al-Breiki and Bicer, 2021 ).…”

A Green Hydrogen Era: Hope or Hype?

“…Relevant organizations, associations, and enterprises should become the leading force in establishing unified standards. 5 Second, enhance technological innovation. Technical demonstration projects with broad application prospects, such as solid oxide electrolysis and hydrogen−natural gas blending technology, should proceed with public R&D cooperation.…”

“…Then, countries should pursue mutual recognition of indicators to promote the unification of trade, safety, and technical standards. Relevant organizations, associations, and enterprises should become the leading force in establishing unified standards …”

What Is the Policy Effect of Coupling the Green Hydrogen Market, National Carbon Trading Market and Electricity Market?

“…Green hydrogen production takes renewable energy as raw material. It has the characteristics of environmental protection, low emissions, and flexible transformation throughout the whole process, and is a replacement and supplement for renewable electricity [4]. On the other hand, renewable power, such as wind power and solar photovoltaic power, has grown rapidly in recent years.…”