Green nanocomposite made from carboxymethyl cellulose reinforced with four types of cellulose nanomaterials of wheat straw

Abstract

In this study, four types of cellulose nanomaterials obtained from wheat straw including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TCNFs), mechanical-driven cellulose nanofibers (MCNFs) and lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) were first produced and then separately added to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with different mixing ratio of 1, 3, and 6 wt% to make nanocomposite. Pure CMC film and cellulose microfibers (CFs) reinforced composite were also fabricated. BET test showed that TCNFs and CFs had the highest (124 m 2 /g) and lowest (3.6 m 2 /g) specific surface area, respectively. FE-SEM confirmed that TCNFs and CFs presented the thinnest (8 ± 4 nm) and the thickest (24 ± 7 μm) fibers. The nanocomposite containing TCNFs had a transparency of 56%, while CF-CMC composite showed the lowest one (18%). After the addition of cellulose nanomaterials the XRD peaks of nanocomposites became narrower and shifted partly to the right side compared to that of pure CMC. The highest

Polysaccharides for Biodegradable Packaging Materials: Past, Present, and Future (Brief Review)

“…The biodegradable compositions of cellulose and derivatives with other polysaccharides are described in numerous works, for example, [ 34 , 35 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ]. All the mentioned works describe in detail the properties and possible application areas for cellulose-based compositions.…”

“…It was established that the introduction of nanocellulose into chitosan led to the improvement in mechanical and water vapor barrier properties. Ghalehno and Yousefi [ 66 ] mixed four types of cellulose nanomaterials obtained from wheat straw with carboxymethyl cellulose. The mechanical properties and transparency were taken as the comparative parameters: composites with TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibers showed the better results.…”

“…Such a high value was explained by the smaller size and higher homogeneity of TEMPO-oxidized nanofibers. Higher mechanical characteristics were explained by less dimension and higher specific surface area for TEMPO-oxidized compared to other types of cellulose nanomaterials [ 66 ]. Rajeswari et al [ 72 ] suggested the production method for cellulose acetate biodegradable materials with the introduction of other polysaccharides (alginate and carrageenan) in recent work.…”

Fabrication and characterization of chemical crosslinked cellulose fiber by dissolving cellulose in alkali urea aqueous solvent

“…Nowadays, awareness of environmental protection is being rooted in the people's mind, which induced scientists focus on natural polymers for materials fabrication 1–3 . Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer on earth, is a linear polymer of D‐glucose connected via β‐1,4 glycosidic bonds and has attracted much attention due to its renewability, low‐cost and biodegradability, and so forth 4 .…”

“…Nowadays, awareness of environmental protection is being rooted in the people's mind, which induced scientists focus on natural polymers for materials fabrication. [1][2][3] Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer on earth, is a linear polymer of D-glucose connected via β-1,4 glycosidic bonds and has attracted much attention due to its renewability, low-cost and biodegradability, and so forth. 4 Thus, the application of cellulose to make materials to instead of plastics, which is petroleum-based polymer materials with nondegradable, has a great significance for environmental protection and comprehensive utilization of resources.…”