Green Natural Rubber Composites Reinforced with Black/White Rice Husk Ashes: Effects of Reinforcing Agent on Film’s Mechanical and Dielectric Properties

Sintharm, Praewpakun; Phisalaphong, Muenduen

doi:10.3390/polym13060882

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The toluene uptake of SNR and FNR films was much higher than BC and BC composite films due to the nonpolar nature of NR, which can highly absorb nonpolar solvents. The high uptake rate of nonpolar solvents of uncured NR was previously reported in several studies [51,151]. The toluene uptake of both SNR-BC and FNR-BC were higher than that of the neat BC film, but much less than those of the SNR and FNR films.…”

Section: Water Absorption Capacitysupporting

confidence: 75%

Preparation and characterization of rice husk ash filled natural rubber film: effect of cross-linking agents on mechanical and electrical properties

Sintharm¹

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Natural rubber (NR) is one of the most important polymers produced by plants and is widely utilized as raw material for many products due to its excellent flexibility. Rice husk ash (RHA) is one of the major agricultural residues generated from the rice milling plant. In order to add value to NR and RHA, this study aims to use different types of RHA (black rice husk ash (BRHA), white rice husk ash (WRHA) and BRHA treated by acid washing (BRHAT)) as filler in NR composites. By the addition of alginate as a thickening and dispersing agent, a maximum of 100 per hundred rubbers (phr) of RHA could be integrated in NR matrix without phase separation. In addition, this study investigated the effects of crosslinking NR composite by CaCl2 compared to the common crosslinking process by sulfur vulcanization on mechanical and electrical properties of NR composites. Mechanical properties of the composite films with RHAs in terms of tensile strength, Young’s modulus and elongation at break were considerably enhanced, compared to the neat NR film. The composite films reinforced with WRHA demonstrated relatively better mechanical properties than those reinforced with BRHA and BRHAT, respectively. The crosslinking by CaCl2 was achieved on NR–WRHA, in which tensile strength and chemical resistance of the composite films were improved close to properties of sulfur vulcanized NR films. The NR composites were biodegradable in soil, with weight loss of 7.6–18.3% of the initial dry weight after 3 months. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss factors and electrical conductivity of the composites were enhanced with RHAs loading. However, dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and electrical conductivity of NR composites with RHAs had dropped significantly after crosslinking the composites by CaCl2 or by sulfur vulcanization. Moreover, bacterial cellulose (BC) reinforced with skim/fresh natural rubber latex (SNRL/FNRL) were future developed by combining the prominent mechanical properties of multilayer BC nanofibrous structural networks and the high elasticity of NR. As compared to FNRL, SNRL could easily diffuse through the pores of a BC network. Many good benefits were obtained for the reinforcement with SNRL, including good mechanical properties, chemical resistance and noticeably improved dielectric properties. The SNRL-BC films are biodegradable and could be mostly or totally decomposed in soil within 6 weeks. The composite films developed in this study display potential for further application as semiconducting polymer films and flexible electronic devices for electronic applications.

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Section: Water Absorption Capacitysupporting

confidence: 75%

Preparation and characterization of rice husk ash filled natural rubber film: effect of cross-linking agents on mechanical and electrical properties

Sintharm¹

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“…In addition, some uncross-linked chains from the polymeric matrix are dissolved by toluene. The decrease of toluene absorption in the composites shows an increase of the cross-linking degree, but also an increase of the interaction between the elastomer and filler [61][62][63]. As much as the cross-linking degree is high as much as the toluene absorption is low.…”

Section: Water and Toluene Uptake Tests And Weight Loss In Solventsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Degradation by Electron Beam Irradiation of Some Composites Based on Natural Rubber Reinforced with Mineral and Organic Fillers

Mănăilă

Crăciun

Ighigeanu

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Composites based on natural rubber reinforced with mineral (precipitated silica and chalk) and organic (sawdust and hemp) fillers in amount of 50 phr were obtained by peroxide cross-linking in the presence of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate and irradiated by electron beam in the dose range of 150 and 450 kGy with the purpose of degradation. The composites mechanical characteristics, gel fraction, cross-linking degree, water uptake and weight loss in water and toluene were evaluated by specific analysis. The changes in structure and morphology were also studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Based on the results obtained in the structural analysis, possible mechanisms specific to degradation are proposed. The increasing of irradiation dose to 450 kGy produced larger agglomerated structures, cracks and micro voids on the surface, as a result of the degradation process. This is consistent with that the increasing of irradiation dose to 450 kGy leads to a decrease in crosslinking and gel fraction but also drastic changes in mechanical properties specific to the composites’ degradation processes. The irradiation of composites reinforced with organic fillers lead to the formation of specific degradation compounds of both natural rubber and cellulose (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, compounds with small macromolecules). In the case of the composites reinforced with mineral fillers the degradation can occur by the cleavage of hydrogen bonds formed between precipitated silica or chalk particles and polymeric matrix also.

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“…The development of natural materials, especially for reinforcing rubber products, has been widely carried out. Several studies have succeeded in developing natural materials as fillers that are composited with rubber to strengthen rubber products, including bamboo charcoal [2][3][4], starch [5][6][7], rice husk [8][9][10], and coconut shell [11][12][13]. The results of this research generally produce favorable curing and physico-mechanical characteristics of rubber compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effect of silica filler quartz sand from tailing processing of mining material on mechanical properties, thermal aging and morphology rubber compound

Prasetya¹,

Marlina²,

Rahmaniar³

et al. 2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Tailings as waste from mining material processing contain constituents that have the potential to be exploited economically. Tailings deposits derived from tin mines include quartz sand with a SiO2 content of 98.03%, which can function as a filler for rubber products. This research studied silica quartz sand as a mineral filler in natural rubber (NR) on rubber’s mechanical and thermal aging characteristics. The effect of reinforced filled in NR was observed by varying 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 phr of the filler. The thermal aging test is carried out at 70 °C and 100 °C for a storage period of 72 hours. SEM micrographs were used to examine morphology. The results showed that using silica quartz sand as a filler improved various properties, including tensile strength, tear strength, elongation at break, hardness, and abrasion resistance. The higher the grinding temperature, the higher the hardness and tensile strength, but the lower the elongation at break. Morphological analysis using SEM micrographs revealed the system’s strengths and weaknesses. The silica particles are homogeneously mixed with natural rubber, according to SEM analysis. According to the findings of this study, the silica of quartz sand from tin mining processing industrial waste can be used as a cost-effective alternative filler in NR compounding.

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Green Natural Rubber Composites Reinforced with Black/White Rice Husk Ashes: Effects of Reinforcing Agent on Film’s Mechanical and Dielectric Properties

Cited by 16 publications

References 50 publications

Preparation and characterization of rice husk ash filled natural rubber film: effect of cross-linking agents on mechanical and electrical properties

Preparation and characterization of rice husk ash filled natural rubber film: effect of cross-linking agents on mechanical and electrical properties

Degradation by Electron Beam Irradiation of Some Composites Based on Natural Rubber Reinforced with Mineral and Organic Fillers

The effect of silica filler quartz sand from tailing processing of mining material on mechanical properties, thermal aging and morphology rubber compound

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