Green separation and characterization of fatty acids from solid wastes of leather industry in supercritical fluid CO2

Abstract

Considerable tannery waste is generated by leather industry around the world. Recovery of the value-added products as natural fats from the solid wastes gained interest of many researchers. In this study, supercritical fluid separation method was applied for the fatty acid isolation from leather industry solid wastes. Pre-fleshing wastes of the double-face lambskins were used as natural fat source. Only supercritical CO was used as process media without any solvent additive in high-pressure view cell equipment. The effect of different conditions was investigated for the best separation influence. The parameters of pressure (100 to 200 bar), temperature (40 to 80 °C), and time (1 to 3 h) were considered. Extraction yields and fat yields of the parameters were statistically evaluated after the processes. Maximum 78.57 wt% fat yield was obtained from leather industry fleshings in supercritical fluid CO at 200 bar, 80 °C, and 2 h. Morever, conventional Soxhlet and supercritical CO extracted fatty acids were characterized by using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) characterizations were also done. The results showed that supercritical fluid CO extraction was highly effective for the fat separation as green solvent and leather industry tannery wastes could be used for the value-added products.

Il-based advanced techniques for the extraction of value-added compounds from natural sources and food by-products

“…Advanced extraction techniques such as MAE [32][33][34][35], UAE [36][37][38], accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) [39,40] and pressurised technologies (PLE) [41,42], such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [43][44][45] and subcritical water extraction (SWE) [46,47], also called pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE), are commonly used to obtain value-added compounds. The extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources and food by-products using ILs with water or organic solvents and combined with advanced extraction technologies has gained relevance in the last years following the new trends based on the twelve principles of green chemistry [48,49] (Figure 4A).…”

Exploring Tannery Solid Wastes as a Source of Animal Feed

“…By optimizing conditions to 2 × 10 7 Pa, 80 • C temperature, and a duration of 2 h, the researchers achieved a fat yield of 78.57%. The results suggest that supercritical fluid CO 2 extraction is a highly efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to fat separation processes [89].…”

Chemical/Water-Free Deliming Process Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: A Step toward Greener Leather Manufacture

“…SCCO 2 has been reported for use as a medium for the extraction of drugs and for extraction of amino acids, bio-oil, and bioactive components . In leather processing attempts have been made to use SCCO 2 for the vegetable tanning and chrome tanning processes, which resulted in a reduction of time and solid and liquid wastes compared to the conventional tanning process. , SCCO 2 is also used for the recovery of natural fat from the leather industry solid wastes …”

“…20,21 SCCO 2 is also used for the recovery of natural fat from the leather industry solid wastes. 22 In this present work, SCCO 2 is applied to achieve deliming without the use of any additional chemicals or water. The SCCO 2 deliming process performed at varying pressure and time, and the process condition was optimized based on the removal of lime from the limed pelt.…”