“…Correspondingly, individuals' environmental attitudes, as well as their academic background knowledge, are potential factors that can help overcome these environmental challenges (Arshad et al, 2020) Education is a conscious and planned effort to create a learning atmosphere and learning process so that students actively develop their potential to have the strength of religious spirituality, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble morals, and skills needed by themselves, society, and nation (Siregar, 2015). Thus, environmental literacy cannot be separated from religious values or in a broader context called spirituality and religiosity (Clugston, 2016;Ezeh, 2015;Maheshwari, 2016;Onovughe & Mordi, 2017;Ramli et al, 2022), so it is called spirituality-based environmental literacy (SEL). Even though the concepts of spirituality and religiosity are different, in this study the researchers consider them to be the same terms (Bertella, 2022;Ulluwishewa, 2017).…”