Green-step fabrication of gliadin/sodium caseinate nanogels for methotrexate release, cytotoxicity and cell phagocytosis

Gliadin Nanoparticles Containing Doxorubicin Hydrochloride: Characterization and Cytotoxicity

“…The evaluation of the IC 50 confirmed this trend demonstrating a progressive enhancement of the efficacy of the nanosystems ( Figure 5 D). Similar results have been reported for other DOX-loaded nanosystems made up of bovine serum albumin [ 49 ], soybean protein isolate [ 50 ], hyaluronic [ 65 ] and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid [ 66 , 67 ], polystyrene [ 68 ], hydroxyapatite [ 69 ], polyethylene glycol [ 70 ], as well as gliadin nanoparticles containing paclitaxel [ 29 ] and methotrexate [ 33 ].…”

“…Moreover, the same trend has been reported for other antitumoral drug-loaded protein-based nanoformulations and will be of great advantage especially because of the possibility of decreasing both the necessary number of administrations and the potential side effects [ 23 , 33 , 49 , 56 , 66 , 73 ].…”

“…In particular, the different cytotoxic profiles obtained with respect to the free form of the encapsulated molecules were explained as a function of the mechanisms that regulate the uptake of the free drug with respect to the various colloidal formulations. Specifically, DOX can enter cells by passive diffusion whereas nanoparticles are internalized through an energy-dependent process (endocytosis) [ 33 , 71 , 72 ]. Another plausible explanation is based on the capacity of GNPs to strongly retain their cargo molecule and release it in a slow and prolonged manner, as described in Section 3.2 .…”

“…This is due to the noteworthy emulsifying and mucoadhesive properties of the polymer, which, combined with its predominantly hydrophobic nature, have favored its exploitation in the biopharmaceutical and alimentary fields, especially for the delivery of water-insoluble compounds [ 26 ]. Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, only a very few investigations have focused on the encapsulation of anticancer drugs within gliadin-based nanoformulations such as all- trans -retinoic acid [ 27 ], cyclophosphamide [ 28 ], paclitaxel [ 29 ], diosmin [ 30 , 31 , 32 ] curcumin and methotrexate [ 33 ]. Indeed, hardly any active compounds have been tested.…”

Multifunctional polyetheramine–epoxide gels and their prospective applications in health and agriculture

“…However, despite their use in formulations and as pharmaceutical excipients, they have several limitations in their clinical applications. 2,3 In this scenario, nanogels, i.e., three-dimensional physical and chemical crosslinked polymeric networks of submicron size, [4][5][6][7][8][9] prepared from polymeric precursors or by heterogeneous polymerization of monomers, stand out as a viable alternative.…”