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Elucidating the chemical structure of soil organic matter (SOM) is important for accurately evaluating the stability and function of SOM. Aboveground vegetation directly affects the quantity and quality of exogenous organic matter input into the soil through plant residues and root exudates, which in turn affects soil microbial species, community structure, and activity, and ultimately impacts the chemical structure of SOM. In this study, a 13C nuclear magnetic resonance technique was used to analyze the chemical structure characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under various rates of straw returning combined with rotary tillage and under full straw mulching. The results showed that full straw returning with rotary tillage and full straw mulching more effectively increased the SOC content than reduced rate of straw returning (1/2 and 1/3 of full straw) with rotary tillage. The contents of alkyl C and alkoxy C in the functional groups of SOC under various straw returning treatments were increased compared with those under the treatment of maize stubble remaining in soil (CK). Furthermore, the contents of aromatic C and carboxyl C were decreased, which were consistent with the chemical shift changes of SOC. Compared with CK treatment, straw returning decreased the content of aromatic C in the functional groups of SOC, but increased the content of alkoxy C, which could be associated with the change in integral areas of absorption peaks of alkyl C and alkoxy C moving toward left and right, respectively. The content of total SOC was significantly positively (P < 0.05) correlated with that of alkoxy C and significantly negatively (P < 0.01) correlated with that of aromatic C. The molecular structure of SOC tends to be simplified due to the decreasing in refractory C and the increasing in easily decomposed C after straw returning to the field.

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The properties of Pickering emulsion stabilized by different gliadin/sodium caseinate nanoparticle (Gli/CAS NPs) concentrations were investigated through physical stability, rheological properties, and microstructure observation. The results suggested that the higher the particle concentration, the smaller the size of the emulsion. The Pickering emulsion with 4% Gli/ CAS NPs displayed the smallest particle size and higher stability. All the Pickering emulsion samples showed pseudoplastic behavior which is regulated through NPs concentration and oil fractions. Frequency sweep and large deformation rheology showed that the prepared Pickering emulsions shared dominant solid characteristic which was mainly determined by the particle network in the continuous phase. CLSM and Cryo-SEM observation showed that Gli/CAS particles adsorbed on the oil-water interface and formed film structures. As Gli/CAS NPs increased, the surface film becomes denser which prevents the coalescence of adjacent oil droplets. The unadsorbed particles in the continuous phase formed a three-dimensional net structure which improved the stability and viscoelastic properties of Pickering emulsion. This work showed that the microstructure and rheological properties of Pickering emulsions could be regulated by particle concentration, which might provide interesting features for various industrial applications.