Green Synthesis and Surface Modification of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Enhanced Magnetization Using Natural Rubber Latex

Abstract

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) show great potential for many technological applications due to their superparamagnetic properties. Finding a green approach to producing biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles is of the utmost importance, especially for biomedical purposes. In the present study, the iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple green coprecipitation method at a mild temperature, using natural rubber latex (NRL) extracted from Hevea brasiliensis as the capping agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed a spinel structure of the magnetic nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the core size of MNPs can be controlled by the NRL concentration. The zeta potential measurement of the NRL-coated and uncoated MNPs revealed higher colloidal stability for the NRL-coated MNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggested the presence of hydroxyl groups in the uncoated MNPs, probably due to residual water at the MNP surface. Absence of hydroxyl groups in the NRL-coated samples suggests that the binding of the MNPs to NRL molecules protects the magnetic cores from water, preventing hydration of the nanoparticle surface. Hall magnetometer measurements revealed that the iron oxide nanoparticles are superparamagnetic and that the NRL-coated magnetic nanoparticles have higher magnetization compared to the bare magnetic nanoparticles. Therefore, these results indicate that the NRL is an effective stabilizing agent to cover magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications.

Novel magnetic propylsulfonic acid-anchored isocyanurate-based periodic mesoporous organosilica (Iron oxide@PMO-ICS-PrSO3H) as a highly efficient and reusable nanoreactor for the sustainable synthesis of imidazopyrimidine derivatives

“…Furthermore, MNPs enhance the reaction rates by local heating through induction as well as providing appropriate surface area. Also, they show synergistic effects in combination to other catalytic species or centers, due to the catalytic performance of magnetic materials, including Fe, Ni, or Co-based ones 27,[48][49][50][51][52][53][54] . Therefore, the synergistic effects of both PMO-based organosilicas and magnetic components for designing and application of new materials would be very desirable.…”

Magnetic Characterization by Scanning Microscopy of Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

“…The Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 3 O 4 @Pluronic NPs were produced using the co-precipitation method [9,13,[16][17][18] using Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ ions, in a 2:1 ratio. This synthesis consists of adding a homogeneous mixture of iron salts to a basic solution containing NH 4 OH, at a temperature of approximately 80 • C to exceed the desired salt solubility product for precipitation [13,[16][17][18][19] 35.04 g mol −1 ), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36.46 g mol −1 ). All reagents were of analytical grade and were produced by Vetec Química Fina LTDA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.…”

“…In the presence of a magnetic field, MNPs can be driven to a specific location, increasing the drug concentration [ 14 , 15 ]. However, in this case, it is essential to study the magnetic response of MNPs, expecting that such materials have a superparamagnetic behavior at near room temperature, which is necessary to avoid particle agglomeration due to a remaining magnetization [ 6 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles by Murraya Koenigii Leaves Extract for Biomedical Application

“…NPs by natural rubber latex and reported its size at 7-15 nm with spherical shape [37]. Jamzad et al prepared iron oxide NPs by Laurus nobilis leaves extract and reported its size at 8-10 nm with spherical shape [15].…”