Green synthesis of biodiesel from Citrus medica seed oil using green nanoparticles of copper oxide

Recent advances and challenges in the utilization of nanomaterials in transesterification for biodiesel production

“… No. Type of feedstock Type of nanomaterials Experimental conditions Biodiesel Yield (%) References 1 Wild mustard seed oil Lanthanum titanium dioxide (LaTiO 3 ) nanoparticles MeOH/oil ratio (4:1), catalyst (100 mg), reaction time (60 min), 80 °C 92.21 [ 132 ] 2 Canola oil αFe 2 O 3 1-x/ZnO x nanoparticles MeOH/oil ratio (11.25:1), ultrasonic power of 278.46 W, irradiation power time 29.22 min, catalyst (47.24%), 65 °C 94.21 [ 133 ] 3 Waste cooking oil (WCO) TiO 2 nano-catalyst MeOH/oil ratio (10:1), 0.01% TiO 2 nano-catalyst coupled with 0.3% NaOH, reaction time (60 min), 60 °C 95 [ 134 ] 4 Mango seed ( Mangifera indica ) extracts ZnO nanocatalyst MeOH/oil ratio (7:2), 10 mL of ZnO nano catalyst, reaction time (60 min), 50 °C 85 [ 135 ] 5 Waste cooking oil (WCO) Candida antarctica Lipase B immobilized on a magnetic hybrid sol-gel nanocomposite MeOH/oil ratio (4:1), catalyst (1 g), reaction time (30 h), 40 °C 96 [ 136 ] 6 Citrus medica seed oil Green CuO nanoparticles MeOH/oil ratio (8:1), catalyst 0.18%, reaction time (120 min), 85 °C 93 [ 137 ] 7 Canola oil ZnO nanocatalyst …”

Biodiesel production from date seed oil using hydroxyapatite-derived catalyst from waste camel bone

“…Different techniques, including pyrolysis, micro-emulsion, transesterification and dilution can be used to make biodiesel [ 25 ]. Biodiesel is fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) that is commonly produced by transesterification process of different source of biomass such as animal fat, vegetable oil as jatropha oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil and corn oil, and waste products such as waste cooking oil with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst [ 26 ].…”

Non-edible plant seeds of Acacia farnesiana as a new and effective source for biofuel production

“… 5 Being easily combustible, less pollution causing, and low in the content of ash are the key advantages of bio-energy. 7 The disadvantages are low calorific rate and less thermal efficiency, and being large in volume and difficult to transport. The thermal efficacy for combustion reactions of biomass is only 10 to 15%.…”

“…Biomass energy can be effectively used through energy conversion technology; 5 for example, through chemical means which convert biomass into liquid and gaseous fuels as biodiesel. [6][7][8] Recently, the survey and growth of valued energy-based plant seeds as a source of biodiesel has become a hot topic for researchers. Amongst these substitute foundations, vegetable oils have gained substantial consideration because they can be obtained from renewable sources and produced internally, and are not as detrimental to the environment as petrol.…”