“…These factors typically include adhesins, iron receptors, secreted toxins, capsules (and their K antigens), capsule flagella (and their H antigens), outer membrane proteins, and lipopolysaccharides which may be transferred by plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages, and islets of pathogenicity (Terlizzi et al, 2017). Numerous studies have shown that the use of vaccines in certain pathologies of bacterial origin can help reduce the use of antibiotics (Bloom et al, 2018;Klugman and Black, 2018;Kobayashi et al, 2016;Rappuoli et al, 2014) and some have demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccines in the fight against antibiotic resistance (Klugman and Black, 2018;Ouldali et al, 2019). The most recent example is the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, which has led to a significant drop in the proportion of resistant pneumococcal strains.…”