Green Synthesis of Silica and Silicon Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical and Catalytic Applications

Shafiei, Nasrin; Nasrollahzadeh, Mahmoud; Iravani, Siavash

doi:10.1080/02603594.2021.1904912

Cited by 31 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…MXenes have been widely explored as attractive inorganic two-dimensional candidates for assorted applications in gene/drug delivery, imaging or sensing, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cancer theranostics [ 5 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Remarkably, their surfaces can be suitably functionalized or modified to enhance biocompatibility, functionality, selectivity/sensitivity, and smart targeting features thus rendering them attractive candidates for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. However, it appears that further explorations are needed regarding the biocompatibility, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity of MXene-based materials or MXenes themselves, in vitro and in vivo [ 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart MXene Quantum Dot-Based Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications

Iravani

Varma

2022

Nanomaterials

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MXene quantum dots (QDs), with their unique structural, optical, magnetic, and electronic characteristics, are promising contenders for various pharmaceutical and biomedical appliances including biological sensing/imaging, cancer diagnosis/therapy, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, delivery of drugs/genes, and analytical biochemistry. Although functionalized MXene QDs have demonstrated high biocompatibility, superb optical properties, and stability, several challenging issues pertaining to their long-term toxicity, histopathology, biodistribution, biodegradability, and photoluminescence properties are still awaiting systematic study (especially the move towards the practical and clinical phases from the pre-clinical/lab-scale discoveries). The up-scalable and optimized synthesis methods need to be developed not only for the MXene QD-based nanosystems but also for other smart platforms and hybrid nanocomposites encompassing MXenes with vast clinical and biomedical potentials. Enhancing the functionalization strategies, improvement of synthesis methods, cytotoxicity/biosafety evaluations, enriching the biomedical applications, and exploring additional MXene QDs are crucial aspects for developing the smart MXene QD-based nanosystems with improved features. Herein, recent developments concerning the biomedical applications of MXene QDs are underscored with emphasis on current trends and future prospects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart MXene Quantum Dot-Based Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications

Iravani

Varma

2022

Nanomaterials

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“…MXenes with unique chemical structures, high surface area, elastic mechanical strength, thermal/electrical conductivity, and optical/mechanical properties have been widely synthesized using chemical vapor deposition [ 47 ], hydrothermal fabrication [ 48 ], electrochemical production [ 49 ], etching techniques, urea glass methods, and bioinspired techniques; the selection of suitable optimization conditions and techniques for the synthesis of MXenes significantly depends on their MAX precursors [ 19 , 50 – 55 ]. The construction of distinctly functionalized MXene-based structures with improved adsorption, flexibility, electric/photothermal conductivity, and optical/mechanical properties, offer access to innovative nanozymes with high efficiency and stability deployable for biomedical purposes [ 56 – 58 ]; however, systematic studies ought to be envisioned to uncover challenges and the prospects of this field of science [ 13 , 14 , 59 – 62 ]. Several studies have reported the enzyme-mimicking activities of MXene-based composites, such as peroxidase (to break down H 2 O 2 ), glutathione oxidase (to consume glutathione), and catalase (to produce O 2 from H 2 O 2 for enhancement of the photodynamic therapy) [ 36 , 63 , 64 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MXene-Based Composites as Nanozymes in Biomedicine: A Perspective

Iravani

Varma

2022

Nano-Micro Lett.

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MXene-based nanozymes have garnered considerable attention because of their potential environmental and biomedical applications. These materials encompass alluring and manageable catalytic performances and physicochemical features, which make them suitable as (bio)sensors with high selectivity/sensitivity and efficiency. MXene-based structures with suitable electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, large surface area, optical/magnetic properties, and thermal/mechanical features can be applied in designing innovative nanozymes with area-dependent electrocatalytic performances. Despite the advances made, there is still a long way to deploy MXene-based nanozymes, especially in medical and healthcare applications; limitations pertaining the peroxidase-like activity and sensitivity/selectivity may restrict further practical applications of pristine MXenes. Thus, developing an efficient surface engineering tactic is still required to fabricate multifunctional MXene-based nanozymes with excellent activity. To obtain MXene-based nanozymes with unique physicochemical features and high stability, some crucial steps such as hybridization and modification ought to be performed. Notably, (nano)toxicological and long-term biosafety analyses along with clinical translation studies still need to be comprehensively addressed. Although very limited reports exist pertaining to the biomedical potentials of MXene-based nanozymes, the future explorations should transition toward the extensive research and detailed analyses to realize additional potentials of these structures in biomedicine with a focus on clinical and industrial aspects. In this perspective, therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic applications of MXene-based nanozymes are deliberated with a focus on future perspectives toward more successful clinical translational studies. The current state-of-the-art biomedical advances in the use of MXene-based nanozymes, as well as their developmental challenges and future prospects are also highlighted. In view of the fascinating properties of MXene-based nanozymes, these materials can open significant new opportunities in the future of bio- and nanomedicine.

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“…40 By innovatively designing bioinspired MXene-based structures, a new path for the improvement of their properties such as adsorption performance, flexibility, photothermal conductivity, electric conductivity, and mechanical features has opened up. [41][42][43] However, the efforts still need extensive and focused exploration to uncover simple, inexpensive, and up-scalable techniques for designing bioinspired MXene-based structures with high performance and improved features. [44][45][46][47] Furthermore, by applying suitable functionalization/modification procedures, vital criteria of bioinspired MXene-based structures such as multifunctionality, stability, and biosafety can be better adjusted and improved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[44][45][46][47] Furthermore, by applying suitable functionalization/modification procedures, vital criteria of bioinspired MXene-based structures such as multifunctionality, stability, and biosafety can be better adjusted and improved. [41][42][43] Biomimetic and bioinspired MXenes with special features will soon find their distinctive position on research platforms focusing on the biomedicine and nanomedicine arena. They can be applied for developing next-generation smart nanosystems with clinical and biomedical potentials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%