Greener pathway toward the synthesis of lichen‐based ZnO@TiO₂@SiO₂ and Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanocomposites and investigation of their biological activities

Abstract

A green way is introduced to biosynthesis of ZnO@TiO2@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocomposites using the bioactive potential of Lecanora muralis (LM) lichen. UV‐Vis spectroscopy and GC–Mass analysis of the lichen show the presence of various bioactive constituents inside the lichen aqueous extract. The XRD, SEM, EDS, and elemental mapping techniques revealed the well fabrication of biosynthesized nanostructures. Also, investigation of antibacterial and antifungal activities of nanostructures demonstrated that green synthesized nanostructures have a very good antibacterial ability against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Candida spp. pathogenic bacteria, and fungi but no antifungal activity toward the Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus terrus fungi species.

A Mini-Review on Lichen-Based Nanoparticles and Their Applications as Antimicrobial Agents

“…TEM analysis and selected area diffraction (SAD) confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles. Abdullah et al (2020) used one-pot green synthesis method for the green synthesis of ZnO/TiO 2 /SiO 2 and Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 nanoparticle composites using the lichen Lecanora muralis. XRD, SEM, EDS, and elemental mapping techniques revealed the fabrication of biosynthesized nanostructure.…”

“…Alavi et al (2019) observed that Protoparmeliopsis muralisdriven metal (Ag and Cu) and metal oxide (TiO 2 , ZnO, and Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial, antibiofilm, antiquorum sensing, and antioxidant abilities against multidrug-resistant bacterium S. aureus and reference bacteria E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Abdullah et al (2020) examined Lecanora muralis-driven nanocomposites of Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 and ZnO/TiO 2 /SiO 2 for their antimicrobial and antifungal properties and reported that they exhibited good bioactivity against three species of pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas spp.) and five species of fungi (Candida albicans, Candida spp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus terreus).…”

“…and Sticta sp. (Debnath et al, 2016); Parmelia perlata (Leela and Anchana Devi, 2017); Usnea longissima (Siddiqi et al, 2018); Parmotrema tinctorum (Khandel et al, 2018); Parmelia sulcata (Gandhi et al, 2019); Protoparmeliopsis muralis (Alavi et al, 2019); Ramalina sinensis (Safarkar et al, 2020); Cladonia rangiferina (Devasena et al, 2014;Rai and Gupta, 2019); Pseudevernia furfuracea and Lobaria pulmonaria (Goga et al, 2020); Xanthoria elegans, Usnea antarctica, and Leptogium puberulum (Baláž et al, 2020); and Lecanora muralis (Abdullah et al, 2020).…”

Lichens—A Potential Source for Nanoparticles Fabrication: A Review on Nanoparticles Biosynthesis and Their Prospective Applications

“…Abdullah et al introduced the green synthesis method of ZnO@TiO 2 @SiO 2 and Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 nanocomposites (NCs) utilizing the novel lichen species Lecanora muralis [ 164 ]. Lichen specimens were collected from Grdmandil mountain and the chemical compositions of the rock-inhibiting lichen samples were analyzed via XRD assay.…”

“…Abdullah et al studied the antibacterial and antifungal activities of both ZnO@TiO 2 @SiO 2 and Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 NCs synthesized by Lecanora muralis against S. aureus , E. coli , Pseudomonas sp., and five species of fungi, i.e., Candida albicans , Candida spp., Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus niger , and Aspergillus terrus , utilizing both disk diffusion and agar well diffusion assays and compared the results with those of lichen extract alone [ 164 ]. Both NCs showed higher inhibitory activity than lichen extract alone against bacterial and fungal species, with the exception of the three species of the genus Aspergillus (zero inhibition zone).…”