Greywater characterization of an Indian household and potential treatment for reuse

Patil, Pravin D.; Bhange, Vivek P.; Shende, Soniya; Ghorpade, Parnavi S.

doi:10.1016/j.wen.2021.12.001

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…On the other hand, chemical pollutants consist of organic matter such as hydrocarbons, proteins, carbohydrates, detergents, fats, and inorganic pollutants including phosphorous compounds, nitrogenous compounds, and heavy metals [26,27]. Domestic wastewater is subdivided into greywater and blackwater [28]. Greywater stems from bathtubs, sinks, washing machines, and kitchens, and contains no human or animal excreta.…”

Section: Pollutants In Domestic Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical and Hybrid Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technique to Improve Domestic Wastewater Quality

Masharqa,

Al-Tardeh,

Mlih

et al. 2023

Water

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Developing safer and environmentally friendly methods for wastewater management is a crucial issue worldwide. Pollutants stemming from pure elemental, organic or inorganic compounds, or microbial sources, are an increasing problem in domestic wastewater. Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used as an effective and low-cost method of treating different types of polluted water. This review paper focuses on the effectiveness of pollutant-removal from domestic wastewater using vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) and hybrid constructed wetlands (HCWs). Meta-analysis and ANOVA tests were conducted to analyse the potentiality of VFCW and HCW as a remedy for domestic wastewater and the effect of using different substrates and plant species. Meta-analysis shows a high significance (p = 0.001) between the interactions (method, plant, and substrate) on the pollutant’s removal efficiency. In both analysis methods, there were no significant differences between VFCW and HCW for the same pollutant (p > 0.05); the average removal percentages when using VFCW and HCW (according to ANOVA analysis) were 80% vs. 90% for BOD, 78% vs. 77% for COD, 75% vs. 83% for ammonium-N, 48% vs. 56% for TN, and 60% for TP, respectively. Moreover, this review article presents a comprehensive overview of the removal mechanisms for organics, inorganics, and metals from domestic wastewater using VFCW, and the effects of environmental parameters including substrate type, plant species, and dissolved oxygen which have direct and indirect impacts on physical, chemical, and biological removal mechanisms. In conclusion, VFCWs and HCWs seem to be an excellent approach, offering economical and environmentally friendly techniques for domestic wastewater treatment, but VFCW is considered simpler and more applicable for setting up on-site near houses, as there is no significant difference (p > 0.05) between applying VFCW or HCW on removal percentages for most pollutants, according to ANOVA testing. More work is needed to study the effect of non-planted VFCWs and HCWs on removal efficiency.

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Section: Pollutants In Domestic Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical and Hybrid Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technique to Improve Domestic Wastewater Quality

Masharqa,

Al-Tardeh,

Mlih

et al. 2023

Water

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“…Much research has been conducted on greywater generation, quality, and reuse [2,14,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]; however, few studies have focused on educational buildings, such as schools or universities [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. In many low-income countries, the majority of these buildings do not have or have limited access to potable water [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Greywater Reuse in a University Building in a Hyper-Arid Region: Quantity, Quality, and Social Acceptance

Lanchipa-Ale,

Cruz-Baltuano,

Molero-Yañez

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Since Tacna is a hyper-arid region, greywater is a potential alternative water source. This study aimed to quantify and characterize greywater in a university building with 732 students, as well as assess their perception of greywater reuse. Water meters were used to calculate greywater quantity. To assess untreated greywater quality, physical–chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed. Questionnaires were used to measure students’ acceptance regarding greywater reuse using a Likert scale. The greywater quantity recorded in this study was 426.85 L/d, which is less than reported in previous global research. The greywater quality showed relatively low values regarding physical–chemical parameters; however, microbial contamination was higher compared to international permissible limits for wastewater reuse. Furthermore, it was found that the generated greywater has little biodegradability (0.38). Students disclosed a lower acceptance of reusing untreated greywater compared to a 77.05% acceptance of reusing treated greywater for green areas. According to the greywater characterization, biological treatment will not be enough to ensure environmental protection and user health; thus, physical–chemical treatment will also be needed. The produced greywater quantities would generate a 12.67% water saving if used for toilet flushing. The greywater volume fulfills the whole demand for watering green areas or green roofs. Students would assent to the reuse of treated greywater.

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“…Grey Water is wastewater originating from domestic activities sourced from kitchens, laundry, sinks, and bathrooms (Abdalla et al, 2021;Patil et al, 2022). Grey Water contains ingredients from shampoo, soap, toothpaste, food waste, oil, detergent, and so on (Dhiman et al, 2022;Perumpully et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Wastewater-Grey Water Management In The Residential Area

Achmadi,

Mangkoedihardjo

2024

AJESH

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Grey Water wastewater in residential areas near Gisik Cemandi river has a COD value range of 146 – 516 Mg / L and the BOD value is in the range of 76 – 280 Mg / L. While Gisik Cemandi River is included in Class III rivers with COD values of 22 – 31 Mg / L. For the water quality of the Gisik Cemandi river to be maintained and not go down, the residential area must have structured Grey Water wastewater management. The management needed is technical, institutional, and financial management. Technical management planning is carried out by providing recommendations so that residential area has management activities in the form of maintenance and repair by adjusting the available facilities and infrastructure. In addition, a Wastewater Treatment Plant is needed that is used for biological treatment because the BOD/COD ratio of Residential Grey Water is 0.528 or biodegradable. Biological processing of gray water can utilize plants as BOD and COD reducers. In carrying out technical management, it is necessary to have institutional management as a monitoring role between implementers and citizens. The recommendation of institutional management is to be able to follow the institutional practical guidance of the Ministry of Public Works. All technical and institutional management activities require financial management as capital in every implementation of Grey Water organic wastewater management in residential areas. Financial management calculations must be adjusted to regional regulations and calculated for the next few years by considering the value of inflation.

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Greywater characterization of an Indian household and potential treatment for reuse

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Vertical and Hybrid Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technique to Improve Domestic Wastewater Quality

Vertical and Hybrid Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technique to Improve Domestic Wastewater Quality

Assessment of Greywater Reuse in a University Building in a Hyper-Arid Region: Quantity, Quality, and Social Acceptance

Organic Wastewater-Grey Water Management In The Residential Area

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