Human behavior is central to the etiology and management of cancer
outcomes and presents several avenues for targeted and sustained intervention.
Psychosocial experiences such as stress and health behaviors including tobacco
use, sun exposure, poor diet, and a sedentary lifestyle increase the risk of
some cancers yet are often quite resistant to change. Cancer screening and other
health services are misunderstood and over-utilized, and vaccination
underutilized, in part because of the avalanche of information about cancer
prevention. Coordination of cancer care is suboptimal, and only a small fraction
of cancer patients enroll in clinical trials essential to the development of new
cancer treatments. A growing population of cancer survivors has necessitated a
fresh view of cancer as a chronic rather than acute disease. Fortunately,
behavioral research can address a wide variety of key processes and outcomes
across the cancer controbiol continuum from prevention to end-of-life care. Here
we consider effects at the biobehavioral and psychological, social and
organizational, and environmental levels. We challenge the research community to
address key behavioral targets across all levels of influence, while taking into
account the many new methodological tools that can facilitate this important
work.