Grid frequency volatility in future low inertia scenarios: Challenges and mitigation options

Revealing drivers and risks for power grid frequency stability with explainable AI

“…1 Many model-based simulation studies have investigated the effects of various parameters on the frequency response, in particular the effect of inertia, 38 as well as effects on the properties of the load-frequency control system. 10 In recent years, ambient and deterministic frequency fluctuations have received more attention in the context of model-based simulations. Studies have highlighted the influence of inertia, control system parameters, 5 and intermittent wind power feed-in 39 on the frequency statistics.…”

“…13 , 35 Most data-driven studies focus on the impact of a single isolated feature and resort to a linear correlation analysis. For instance, studies have quantified the correlations between different measures of frequency quality and the load value and ramps in the Nordic grid, 11 wind power generation in the Irish grid, 9 load ramps in the British grid, 10 and societal events coinciding with large frequency deviations. 8 A correlation between load and solar ramps as well as trading volumes reflects the role of solar power in power balancing.…”

“…Our model offers a versatile and substantially improved approach for analyzing risks and drivers of grid frequency stability. Previous data-driven studies analyzed the impact of one external feature on grid frequency fluctuations based on linear correlations [9][10][11] or conditional probabilities. 7 Such univariate analyses cannot be adjusted for effects of other features, which could be correlated with the feature of interest and may lead to incorrect conclusions (cf.…”

“…An improved understanding of the frequency dynamics and external influences could greatly facilitate control efforts and contribute to power system stability. While several studies have investigated univariate correlations to quantify the impact of individual features, [9][10][11] a comprehensive, data-based analysis is lacking.…”

Active Power Management for PV Systems under High Penetration Scenario

“…The electrical grid under a high PV penetration scenario should have variations in frequency and voltage levels [13,14]. Different studies deal with the effects of high PV penetration into the electric grid [15][16][17][18][19][20]. The most important effect is the variation in the voltage level [15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”