Gross anatomy of the heart of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos, Linnaeus 1758)

Abstract

The available information about anatomical characteristics of the cardiovascular system of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos, Linnaeus 1758) is scarce. The general objective of this work was to describe its heart anatomy. We dissected six adult animals and five neonates. The heart of the alpaca was located in the middle mediastinum, with a craniocaudal extension from the third to the sixth rib. No ligament that connected the fibrous pericardium to the sternum or to the diaphragm was detected. In the right atrium, there was a developed crista terminalis and small pectinate muscles. In the right ventricle, the septomarginal trabecula was very large. From the proximities of the interventricular septum arose small septomarginal trabeculae that ended in carnous trabeculae of the septal wall. The left atrium included little developed pectinate muscles. On the left ventricle, both papillary muscles were bilobed. Two left septomarginal trabeculas were detected in this ventricle. The left subclavian artery was originated from the aortic arch separately from the brachiocephalic trunk, and bicarotid trunk was present. The other branches of the subclavian artery were similar to the domestic ruminants. The arterial supply of the heart was of the right type. In conclusion, the heart anatomy of alpaca and the irrigation of thoracic cavity were more similar to those of old world camels and different from domestic ruminants.

Gross Anatomy of the Heart of Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758)

“…Cardiac anatomic studies and those related to heart vessels have been performed on both domestic and wild species. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The studies conducted with Ozotoceros bezoarticus regarding arterial blood supply include the arterial supply of the head and neck, 12 arterial irrigation of the pelvis and the pelvic limb, 13 arterial distribution of the aortic arch, 9 arterial vascularization of the adrenal glands, 8 anatomy of the female reproductive system, 14 anatomy of the male reproductive system, 15 and irrigation of the stomach and intestine. 16 According to our knowledge, there is no anatomical description of the heart of the pampas deer.…”

Angioarchitecture of the coronary arteries in Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814)

“…Among domestic mammals, ruminants and dogs have left dominance, while pigs and horses have balanced coronary circulation (SINGH, 2020). Among wild ruminants, camels (PÉREZ et al, 2018) and alpacas (YUAN et al, 2009) were described with balanced irrigation in studies with ten and eleven specimens, respectively. In contrast, a specimen of Rothschild Giraffe (PÉREZ et al, 2008) was revealed with left domain.…”

Morphology of septomarginal trabeculae in Hatay mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella)

“…In the literature, it has been reported that the right septomarginal trabecula extends between the septum—outer wall (Evans & De Lahunta, 2013; Nascimento et al, 2019; Ravindran & Victor, 1982) septum—anterior papillary muscle (Ghonimi et al, 2015; Kosinski et al, 2010; Leao et al, 2010; Nascimento et al, 2019; Raghavendra et al, 2013), anterior papillary muscle—outer wall (Arıncı & Elhan, 2014; Ateş & Çakır, 2010; Cope, 2016b; Evans & De Lahunta, 2013), and septal papillary muscle—anterior papillary muscle (Ates et al, 2017; Gulyaeva & Roshchevskaya, 2012; Perez et al, 2018). In our study, it was determined that the right septomarginal trabecula extended between the septal papillary muscle and the anterior papillary muscle.…”

“…Perez et al (2018) found that the right septomarginal trabeculae extended obliquely in the ventricular cavity in the alpaca. In humans (Ravindran & Victor, 1982), it was determined that these trabeculae crossing the ventricular cavity were located vertically in 20 hearts.…”