Ground‐penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography studies in the biblical Pisidian Antioch city, southwest Anatolia

Abstract

Pisidian Antioch was founded as a military base in the Hellenistic period around 300 BC. A consecutive archaeological structure, extending 55 m long, mainly includes two adjacent abscissas and a wall remain thought to be a watchtower. An integrated geophysical survey including ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) techniques was conducted to determine the existence of counterparts of this structure in a small-scale area. GPR scans acquired via zigzag mode using 500 MHz antenna along 45 parallel lines were evaluated by a series of basic data processing steps. Considering the results obtained, two-dimensional (2D) ERT data collected in a restricted area using Wenner-alpha array along 41 parallel lines were inverted using 2D and three-dimensional (3D) tomographic inversion schemes. On the basis of the findings obtained from various GPR and ERT imaging techniques, the existence of one of the abscissa, displaying dimensional parameters being in good accordance with those of ones still standing on the west side of the survey area was clearly revealed. Moreover, some regular anomalies, which can be attributed to the remains of the watchtower in question and various wall ruins, were successfully traced from the GPR depth slices. The existence of an antisymmetric geometry for the consecutive archaeological structure under investigation was also determined in the survey area. Combining all of that information, a possible 3D virtual image of the military headquarters was then created, and this pointed out a small square quadriburgia characteristic of the structure investigated. Thus, we can conclude that the integration of GPR and ERT and imaging techniques used in the evaluation were quite effective to provide useful prior information for the subterranean targets in the non-excavated parts of the ancient city. An archaeological evaluation by trial trenching is therefore required to confirm the results of the archaeo-geophysical survey in the investigation area.

Investigating Peat Soil Stratigraphy and Marine Clay Formation Using the Geophysical Method in Padas Valley, Northern Borneo

“…Another potential method also includes the seismic refraction (SR) method. e application of these methods was previously limited to the determination of archaeological structure [13], investigation of seawater intrusion and liquefaction potential [14,15], delineating alluvial aquifer [16], and landslide investigation [17]. However, due to the capabilities of these methods to delineate soil stratigraphy, the application for peatland mapping is introduced.…”

Beyond GIS Layering: Challenging the (Re)use and Fusion of Archaeological Prospection Data Based on Bayesian Neural Networks (BNN)

“…However, the overall multi-temporal and multi-scale results were only visually cross-compared with each other. Moreover, data integration is often restricted to similar nature of data (e.g., data obtained from satellite sensors such as pan-sharpening techniques [12][13][14][15], data enhancement of geophysical prospection data [16][17][18][19], etc. ).…”

Mapping Complex Land Use Histories and Urban Renewal Using Ground Penetrating Radar: A Case Study from Fort Stanwix

“…The benefits of GPR for mapping historic sites compared with traditional excavation include the volume of data that can be collected, the preservation of the site (since the methods are generally non-destructive), and the shareability of digital data between stakeholders. While early applications of GPR to historic archaeology were experimental, more recent studies have been successful in inspecting the structural integrity of historic buildings, identifying specific features of interest, mapping historic landscape use, locating graves and delineating cemeteries, and evaluating urban expansion [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”