Ground penetrating radar for underground sensing in agriculture: a review

Liu, Xiuwei; Dong, Xuejun; Leskovar, Daniel I.

doi:10.1515/intag-2016-0010

Cited by 50 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Geophysical methods, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electric resistivity tomography (ERT), enable detailed descriptions of the subsurface's geological structure through the dielectric and electric resistivity field of its sediment (Davis and Annan, 1989;Samouëlian et al, 2005;Haaken et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2016). Both the sediment's dielectric and resistivity properties are strongly impacted by the its water content and chemical composition (Orlando, 2013;Vera et al, 2016).…”

Section: Common Methods For Vadose Zone Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vadose Zone Monitoring as a Key to Groundwater Protection

Dahan

2020

Front. Water

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Currently, monitoring programs designed for groundwater protection are mainly based on information from observation wells. This, however, creates a paradox, since identification of pollution in well water is clear evidence that the groundwater is already polluted. The poor state of contaminated aquifers all over the world, and the inability, in practice, to fully remediate contaminated aquifers suggest that groundwater monitoring alone has failed to provide the vital information required to prevent groundwater pollution. That said, groundwater pollution initiates on the land surface, and the contaminants have to traverse the unsaturated zone, long before reaching the water table. Therefore, monitoring programs that can provide real-time information on the hydraulic and chemical state of the unsaturated zone are essential for achieving early warnings of pollution potential and providing imperative protection from pollution hazards. Currently, most of the commercially available monitoring technologies are rather limited in their capability to provide early alerts of pollution processes taking place deep in the unsaturated zone, above the water table. Accordingly, monitoring technologies for the unsaturated zone have to be engineered as “off-the-shelf” commercial products, made available for application by practitioners in all fields of hydrology. From scientific and technological points of view, such ambitions are not out of reach. Yet they require an urgent call for a revolutionary shift in monitoring focus, from the groundwater itself to the unsaturated zone above it.

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Section: Common Methods For Vadose Zone Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vadose Zone Monitoring as a Key to Groundwater Protection

Dahan

2020

Front. Water

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“…Ground penetrating radar (GPR), another geophysical technique of similar throughput to EMI, uses high frequency radio waves to detect objects or boundaries between materials in the ground based on their permittivity. GPR, like EMI, has been used to detect and quantify tree roots, but does not currently have the resolution to detect roots less than 2 mm in diameter (reviewed in [ 47 ]). Despite this, GPR has recently been used to detect bulk root biomass in wheat and sugar cane (although with limited ability to detect differences between genotypes [ 48 ]) and shows potential as a future phenotyping tool, perhaps in combination with other geophysical sensors.…”

Section: Root Phenotyping In the Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncovering the hidden half of plants using new advances in root phenotyping

Atkinson

Pound

Bennett

et al. 2019

Current Opinion in Biotechnology

280

241

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Major increases in crop yield are required to keep pace with population growth and climate change. Improvements to the architecture of crop roots promise to deliver increases in water and nutrient use efficiency but profiling the root phenome (i.e. its structure and function) represents a major bottleneck. We describe how advances in imaging and sensor technologies are making root phenomic studies possible. However, methodological advances in acquisition, handling and processing of the resulting 'big-data' is becoming increasingly important. Advances in automated image analysis approaches such as Deep Learning promise to transform the root phenotyping landscape. Collectively, these innovations are helping drive the selection of the next-generation of crops to deliver real world impact for ongoing global food security efforts.

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“…The median was thus calculated for each plot, and the resulting set of median feature values was correlated with harvested biomass measures. (Savelyev and Sato 2004), and to lter signals (Liu et al 2016). Wavelet application in agricultural root detection is based on the supposition that, similarly to spectrophotometry performed in a wet lab, distinct root sizes or structures will preferentially respond to speci c frequency components of a probing electromagnetic wave.…”

Section: Time Domain Signal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground Penetrating Radar for Belowground Phenotyping of High-biomass Grasses for Soil Carbon Sequestration

Wolfe

Huo

Ruiz-Guzman

et al. 2021

Preprint

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AimsMany governments and companies have committed to moving to net-zero emissions by 2030 or 2050 to tackle climate change, which require the development of new carbon capture and sequestration/storage (CCS) techniques. A proposed method of sequestration is to deposit carbon in soils as plant matter including root mass and root exudates. Adding perennial traits such as rhizomes to crops as part of a sequestration strategy would result in annual crop regrowth from rhizome meristems rather than requiring replanting from seeds which would in turn encourage no-till agricultural practices. Integrating these traits into productive agriculture requires a belowground phenotyping method compatible with high throughput breeding and selection methods (i.e., is rapid, inexpensive, reliable, and non-invasive), however none currently exist. MethodsGround penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-invasive subsurface sensing technology that shows potential as a phenotyping technique. In this study, a prototype GPR antenna array was used to scan roots of the perennial sorghum hybrid, PSH09TX15. A-scan level time-domain analyses and B-scan level time/frequency analyses using the continuous wavelet transform were utilized to extract features of interest from the acquired radargrams. ResultsOf six A-scan diagnostic indices examined, the standard deviation of signal amplitude correlated most significantly with belowground biomass. Time frequency analysis using the continuous wavelet transform yielded high correlations of B-scan features with belowground biomass. ConclusionThese results demonstrate that continued refinement of GPR data analysis workflows should yield a highly applicable phenotyping tool for breeding efforts in environments where selection is otherwise impractical on a large scale.

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Ground penetrating radar for underground sensing in agriculture: a review

Cited by 50 publications

References 90 publications

Vadose Zone Monitoring as a Key to Groundwater Protection

Vadose Zone Monitoring as a Key to Groundwater Protection

Uncovering the hidden half of plants using new advances in root phenotyping

Ground Penetrating Radar for Belowground Phenotyping of High-biomass Grasses for Soil Carbon Sequestration

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