Ground-Penetrating Radar Investigation of Salvaged Timber Girders from Bridges Along Route 66 in California

Wu, Xi; Senalik, C. Adam; Wacker, James P.; Li, Guanghui

doi:10.22382/wfs-2020-007

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…NDT can help ensure structural integrity, reliability, and failure prevention. Without it, the safety and reliability of components can be seriously threatened over time [36,37]. Any decay that changes the wood's electrical and mechanical properties and that may not be exposed on the surface can be detected using NDT [2].…”

Section: Non-destructive Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The outcomes showed that GPR contributed to the assessment of the wood structures; it identified the defects' location and size and differentiated between some categories of defects. Also, the data acquisition was rapid, so this method was the best choice for timber bridge assessment [37]. Figure 10 shows sample results of using GPR on the CLT specimens shown in Figure 9 (authors' measurements).…”

Section: Non-destructive Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transmitter emits the waves into the material, and the wave energy is scattered or reflected toward the receiver. Using SAFT (see Sections 5.1.1 and 5.1.2), the recorded waveforms are converted into images [24,37,105]. Damage identification is done by comparing the signal's amplitude reflected from an unknown reflector (such as a defect) to that from a known reflector.…”

Section: Gpr-based Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the past two decades, GPR scanning has been utilized for identifying defects, anomaly localization, and characterization of various materials such as sand, concrete, and wood [108]. The production of GPR waves at high frequency leads to a short wavelength; whenever the wavelength is larger than the dimension of the heterogeneity, the resolution can be low, and sometimes damage identification may not be possible [9,69].…”

Section: Gpr-based Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imaging of Structural Timber Based on In Situ Radar and Ultrasonic Wave Measurements: A Review of the State-of-the-Art

Pahnabi,

Schumacher,

Sinha

2024

Sensors

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With the rapidly growing interest in using structural timber, a need exists to inspect and assess these structures using non-destructive testing (NDT). This review article summarizes NDT methods for wood inspection. After an overview of the most important NDT methods currently used, a detailed review of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Ultrasonic Testing (UST) is presented. These two techniques can be applied in situ and produce useful visual representations for quantitative assessments and damage detection. With its commercial availability and portability, GPR can help rapidly identify critical features such as moisture, voids, and metal connectors in wood structures. UST, which effectively detects deep cracks, delaminations, and variations in ultrasonic wave velocity related to moisture content, complements GPR’s capabilities. The non-destructive nature of both techniques preserves the structural integrity of timber, enabling thorough assessments without compromising integrity and durability. Techniques such as the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) and Total Focusing Method (TFM) allow for reconstructing images that an inspector can readily interpret for quantitative assessment. The development of new sensors, instruments, and analysis techniques has continued to improve the application of GPR and UST on wood. However, due to the hon-homogeneous anisotropic properties of this complex material, challenges remain to quantify defects and characterize inclusions reliably and accurately. By integrating advanced imaging algorithms that consider the material’s complex properties, combining measurements with simulations, and employing machine learning techniques, the implementation and application of GPR and UST imaging and damage detection for wood structures can be further advanced.

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Section: Non-destructive Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Non-destructive Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gpr-based Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gpr-based Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imaging of Structural Timber Based on In Situ Radar and Ultrasonic Wave Measurements: A Review of the State-of-the-Art

Pahnabi,

Schumacher,

Sinha

2024

Sensors

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“…Different problems, such as the characterization of the masonry, the detection of cracks, and the imaging of metallic reinforcement bars, were examined on three different constructive elements typical of historic buildings (Corradi et al, 2018;Stepinac et al, 2020). An experiment was conducted on samples of sawn timber of different species to study their dielectric responses according to the grain directions using a GPR with a 1.6 GHz antenna to assess the physical properties of wood structures (Fediuk et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2020). Respective signal and image analyses of GPR have enhanced their usefulness in the field of built cultural heritage protection (Solla et al, 2020;Adamopoulos and Rinaudo, 2021;Lombardi et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of cracks in cemented loess of ancient buildings using remote sensing

Liu

Bao

et al. 2022

Front. Mater.

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The bases of ancient Chinese buildings are prone to deformation, cracks, and other hidden problems due to their age and other reasons. Rainfall and water seepage produce great harm to the cracks of soil plinths. Based on a ground-penetrating radar method, detecting cracks and water erosion defects is important for protecting ancient buildings. This study examines the reflection characteristics of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) waves at different lithological interfaces. Physical experiments and their numerical and physical laws were used to study the reflection characteristics of GPR incidents from brick to air, unsaturated soil, water, and metal interfaces. The model was applied to detect defects of the Xi’an Bell Tower and the main research results are as follows. The echo amplitude of GPR was positively correlated with the relative permittivity of the bedding layer, and its basic law conforms to the positive logarithmic curve. The hyperbolic opening of water erosion imaging of the base-compacted soil is larger, the attenuation effect increases and the signal reflection is obvious. These results provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the actual detection of water erosion deterioration of loess in similar projects, and this provides theoretical and technical references for rapid identification and management of defects in ancient buildings.

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High-resolution 3-D GPR applied in the diagnostic of the detachment and cracks in pre-Hispanic mural paintings at “Templo Rojo”, Cacaxtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico

Ortega‐Ramírez

Bano

Alvarado

et al. 2021

Journal of Cultural Heritage

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Ground-Penetrating Radar Investigation of Salvaged Timber Girders from Bridges Along Route 66 in California

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

Imaging of Structural Timber Based on In Situ Radar and Ultrasonic Wave Measurements: A Review of the State-of-the-Art

Imaging of Structural Timber Based on In Situ Radar and Ultrasonic Wave Measurements: A Review of the State-of-the-Art

Detection of cracks in cemented loess of ancient buildings using remote sensing

High-resolution 3-D GPR applied in the diagnostic of the detachment and cracks in pre-Hispanic mural paintings at “Templo Rojo”, Cacaxtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico

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