Groundwater resources development and the environment in the central region of the Arabian Gulf

Evaluation of Groundwater for Arsenic Contamination Using Hydrogeochemical Properties and Multivariate Statistical Methods in Saudi Arabia

“…e aquifers in Al-kharj are contained within the Eocene Dammam Formation and Miocene-Pleistocene sedimentary rocks present within the stable shelf tectonic unit between the Arabian shelf and western Precambrian shield [21,22]. Major recharge of the aquifer systems in this region has been estimated to have occurred during pluvial periods, some 25,000 to 30,000 years ago, based on isotopic methods (stable carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen) [23,24]. e recharge of these aquifers has been estimated to occur at a rate of 15% of the total annual rainfall that is, 100 mm approximately [25,26].…”

Water issues in Kuwait: a future sustainable vision

“…Distillation plants have a limited lifetime of 20 years and are liable to accidental interruption, oil spillage in the seawater intakes, explosion and fire and rely strongly on fuel, with considerable economic and environmental impact [20]. One environmental impact of desalination plants is the increase of seawater salinity from brine discards [45].…”

“…In 1982, groundwater reserves in the GCC countries were exploited at a rate of 1200 million m 3 per day, and increasing well beyond the safe yield of the aquifer system [20]. Considerable amounts of water are wasted and natural reserves are being neglectfully depleted.…”

An Experimental Study on a New Design of Double Slope Solar Still with External Flatted and Internal Parabolic Reflectors

“…These water purification methods are highly energy and cost intensive. It is well known that desalination plants use electrical energy which have both economical and environmental drawbacks and rely on conventional fuels [3]. Therefore a method is required to use renewable energy, low input cost and less effort for the production of potable water.…”

“…About 97% of the earth's water is salt water in the oceans covering three fourths of the planet's surface covering three fourths of the planet's surface. About 97% of the earth's water is salt water in the oceans and 3% (about 36 million km 3 ) is fresh water contained in the poles (in the form of ice), ground water, lakes and rivers, which supply most of human and animal needs. Nearly, 70% from this tiny 3% of the world's fresh water is frozen in glaciers, permanent snow cover, ice and permafrost.…”