“…However, despite the dominant successes of analyzing individual brain’s activation patterns (e.g., Worsley and Friston, 1997; Bullmore et al, 1996; Woolrich et al, 2001a), it has been challenging to derive consistent fMRI activation patterns across different brains and populations, due to the individual variability and different sources of noises (e.g., Thirion et al, 2007; Derrfuss and Mar, 2009; Laird et al, 2009; Hamilton, 2009; Costafreda, 2009; Tahmasebi, 2010). To address this challenge, researchers in the neuroimaging field have developed group-wise activation detection methods, such as the two-level group-wise GLM method (Beckmann et al, 2003), Bayesian inference (Woolrich et al, 2004b), multi-level analysis (Thirion et al, 2007), group ICA analysis (Calhoun et al, 2009), and group Markov Random Field (MRF) methods (Ng et al, 2010), among others. The rationale behind these group-wise fMRI activation detection methods is to leverage the statistical power from multiple brains in order to gain the robustness to noises and the less sensitivity to individual variability.…”