“…In Japan and Asian countries, the red spotted grouper (Epinephelus akkara), seven-band grouper (E. septemfasciatus), longtooth grouper (E. bruneus), Malabar grouper (E. malabaricus), white-streaked grouper (E. ongus), areolate grouper (E. areolatus), and leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) are successfully mass produced using artificial seed [2,3]. Studies on reproductive physiology based on seed production, induction of maturation and spawning, and and leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) are successfully mass produced using artificial seed [2,3]. Studies on reproductive physiology based on seed production, induction of maturation and spawning, and sex change have been conducted on several economically important and easily accessible grouper species, such as the seven-band grouper [4], longtooth grouper [5], red spotted grouper [6], honeycomb grouper (E. merra) [7,8], and blacktip grouper (E. fasciatus) [9].…”