“…The terbium and niobium doped BTO crystals were grown using the Top Seeded Solution Growth technique (TSSG) from nonstoichiometric liquid phases because BTO melts incongruently [8]. The raw materials were bismuth oxide (Bi2O3, Johnson Matthey, 99.995%), titanium oxide (TiO2, Johnson Matthey, 99.995%), terbium oxide (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.9%), for terbium doped BTO crystal (BTO:Tb), and niobium oxide (Nb2O5, Sigma-Aldrich, 99,99%), for niobium doped BTO crystal (BTO:Nb).…”