Growth and Immune Evasion of Lymph Node Metastasis

Jones, Dennis; Pereira, Ethel R.; Padera, Timothy P.

doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00036

Cited by 121 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 140 publications

(188 reference statements)

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“…The process of lymphatic metastasis is regulated at several steps, beginning with lymphangiogenesis and change in the microenvironment into favourable conditions for tumour growth. Cancer cells then invade tumour‐associated lymphatic vessels at the primary site en route to tumour‐draining lymph nodes, where they survive and grow . The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node encountered by tumour cells that enter the lymphatic system in the organ of origin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Usefulness of real‐time elastography for diagnosing lymph node metastasis of skin cancer: does elastography potentially eliminate the need for sentinel lymph node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma?

Tanaka

Kamata

Fukaya

et al. 2019

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Background The metastatic involvement of regional lymph nodes is the most important prognostic factor for overall survival of skin cancer patients. The sonographic technique of freehand real‐time tissue elastography (RTE), which displays tissue rigidity as a colour overlay of the tissue image, was developed. Objective Our purpose was to evaluate the benefit of RTE for detecting lymph node metastases of skin cancer non‐invasively before operation. Methods We first selected lymph nodes of skin cancer patients which had already been diagnosed by biopsy as being reactive or metastatic, and then retrospectively collected images of RTE and B‐mode and colour Doppler ultrasound on those lymph nodes performed preoperatively. Twenty‐one lymph nodes from 12 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 23 lymph nodes from 14 patients with malignant melanoma (MM) and 14 lymph nodes from six patients with extramammary Paget disease (Paget) were investigated. Elastographic images were assessed on a scale of one to four according to the percentage of high elasticity (hard) area (HEA) in the lymph node. Results In all three skin cancers, lymph nodes evaluated as grade 3 or 4 by RTE were metastatic. All lymph nodes evaluated as grade 1 or 2 by RTE were reactive in SCC, whereas some lymph nodes evaluated as grade 1 or 2 were metastatic in MM and Paget. Conclusion Real‐time tissue elastography may aid in distinguishing reactive lymph nodes from metastatic ones especially in SCC.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cancer cells then invade tumour-associated lymphatic vessels at the primary site en route to tumour-draining lymph nodes, where they survive and grow. 2 The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node encountered by tumour cells that enter the lymphatic system in the organ of origin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Usefulness of real‐time elastography for diagnosing lymph node metastasis of skin cancer: does elastography potentially eliminate the need for sentinel lymph node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma?

Tanaka

Kamata

Fukaya

et al. 2019

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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“…TAMs are also associated with high lymphatic vessel density and lymphatic metastasis (Figure 1). Macrophages may contribute directly to the lymphatic vasculature through transdifferentiation [49], progenitor differentiation [46], and vascular mimicry [62,63] or indirectly by secretion of pro-lymphangiogenic factors [64]. VEGF-C acts as a chemotactic factor for VEGFR-3 expressing macrophages [65].…”

Section: Myeloid Cell Recruitmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parallels of Resistance between Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis Inhibition in Cancer Therapy

Jones

2020

Cells

Self Cite

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Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality. Cancer cells primarily metastasize via blood and lymphatic vessels to colonize lymph nodes and distant organs, leading to worse prognosis. Thus, strategies to limit blood and lymphatic spread of cancer have been a focal point of cancer research for several decades. Resistance to FDA-approved anti-angiogenic therapies designed to limit blood vessel growth has emerged as a significant clinical challenge. However, there are no FDA-approved drugs that target tumor lymphangiogenesis, despite the consequences of metastasis through the lymphatic system. This review highlights several of the key resistance mechanisms to anti-angiogenic therapy and potential challenges facing anti-lymphangiogenic therapy. Blood and lymphatic vessels are more than just conduits for nutrient, fluid, and cancer cell transport. Recent studies have elucidated how these vasculatures often regulate immune responses. Vessels that are abnormal or compromised by tumor cells can lead to immunosuppression. Therapies designed to improve lymphatic vessel function while limiting metastasis may represent a viable approach to enhance immunotherapy and limit cancer progression.

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“…However, the exact mechanism of lymphangiogenesis is unclear. 16,95,96 The VEGF-C/VEGF-D-VEGFR-3 axis is seen as a major driver of tumor lymphangiogenesis, 63 whereas the roles of other pathways in this process are less well defined. VEGF-C/VEGF-D-VEGFR-3 pathway stimulating proliferation and migration of LECs is such as to play vital roles in lymphangiogenesis and metastasis for bladder cancer.…”

Section: Lymphangiogenesis and Metastasis In Bladder Cancer The Vegf-mentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Communication Of Cancer Cells And Lymphatic Vessels In Cancer: Focus On Bladder Cancer</p>

Wu¹,

Ding²,

Cai³

et al. 2019

OTT

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Bladder cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide and causes the highest lifetime treatment costs per patient. Bladder cancer is most likely to metastasize through lymphatic ducts, and once the lymph nodes are involved, the prognosis is poorly and finitely improved by current modalities. The underlying metastatic mechanism for bladder cancer is thus becoming a research focus to date. To identify relevant published data, an online search of the PubMed/Medline archives was performed to locate original articles and review articles regarding lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in urinary bladder cancer (UBC), and was limited to articles in English published between 1998 and 2018. A further search of the clinical trials.gov search engine was conducted to identify both trials with results available and those with results not yet available. Herein, we summarized the unique mechanisms and biomarkers involved in the malignant progression of bladder cancer as well as their emerging roles in therapeutics, and that current data suggests that lymphangiogenesis and lymph node invasion are important prognostic factors for UBC. The growing knowledge about their roles in bladder cancers provides the basis for novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, more basic and clinical research needs to be conducted in order to identify further accurate predictive molecules and relevant mechanisms.

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Growth and Immune Evasion of Lymph Node Metastasis

Cited by 121 publications

References 140 publications

Usefulness of real‐time elastography for diagnosing lymph node metastasis of skin cancer: does elastography potentially eliminate the need for sentinel lymph node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma?

Usefulness of real‐time elastography for diagnosing lymph node metastasis of skin cancer: does elastography potentially eliminate the need for sentinel lymph node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma?

Parallels of Resistance between Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis Inhibition in Cancer Therapy

<p>Communication Of Cancer Cells And Lymphatic Vessels In Cancer: Focus On Bladder Cancer</p>

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