Growth and in-vitro metabolism of placental tissues of cows from Day 100 to Day 250 of gestation

Reynolds, Lawrence P.; Millaway, D. S.; Kirsch, James D; Infeld, J. E.; Redmer, Dale A.

doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0890213

Cited by 84 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Many aspects of cyclic changes in the reproductive tract during ovarian cyclicity, implantation, as well as placental function are dependent on physiologic angiogenesis [5][6][7][8], which consists of new vascular growth from pre-existing vasculature [9]. This neovasculature is essential for the blood-borne delivery of substrates for steroidogenic cells within the ovary, and enables progesterone (P 4 ) to be released into the blood stream [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microvascularization and angiogenic activity of equine corpora lutea throughout the estrous cycle

Ferreira‐Dias¹,

Pinto‐Bravo²,

Mateus³

et al. 2006

Domestic Animal Endocrinology

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Corpus luteum growth and endocrine function are closely dependent on the formation of new capillaries. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) tissue growth and microvascular development in the equine cyclic luteal structures; (ii) in vitro angiogenic activity of luteal tissues in response to luteotrophic (LH, PGE 2 ) and luteolytic (PGF 2␣ ) hormones and (iii) to relate data to luteal endocrinological function. Our results show that microvascular density was increased in the early and mid luteal phase, followed by a fall in the late luteal phase and a further decrease in the corpus albicans. Hyperplasia of luteal tissue increased until the mid luteal phase and it was followed by tissue regression. Luteal explants were cultured with no hormone added, or with PGF 2␣ , LH, PGE 2 , LH + PGE 2 or LH + PGF 2␣ . Media conditioned by equine luteal tissue from different stages of the luteal phase were able to stimulate mitogenesis of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), suggesting the presence of angiogenic activity. No difference was observed among luteal structures on their mitogenic capacity, for any treatment used. Nevertheless, Late-CL conditioned-media with PGF 2␣ showed a significant decrease in BAEC proliferation (p < 0.05) and LH + PGF 2␣ a tendency to reduce mitogenesis. Thus, prostaglandin F 2␣ may play a role on vascular regression of the CL during the late luteal phase in the * Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 213652859; fax: +351 213652889. -mail address: gmlfdias@fmv.utl.pt (G. Ferreira-Dias Ferreira-Dias et al. / Domestic Animal Endocrinology 30 (2006) [247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259] mare. These data suggest that luteal angiogenesis and vascular regression in the mare are coordinated with the development of non-vascular tissue and might be regulated by many different factors. E

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microvascularization and angiogenic activity of equine corpora lutea throughout the estrous cycle

Ferreira‐Dias¹,

Pinto‐Bravo²,

Mateus³

et al. 2006

Domestic Animal Endocrinology

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“…A second mechanism of the placenta to assure a sufficient nutrient supply for the fetus, might be by expanding the cotyledonary surface. In contrast with sheep placentomes, placentome growth in cattle can continue throughout gestation (Reynolds et al, 1990), which may allow the bovine placentome to adapt to changing requirements and/or supply by compensatory growth, rather than by changing structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for placental compensation in cattle

Eetvelde

Kamal

Hostens

et al. 2016

Animal

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Prenatal development is known to be extremely sensitive to maternal and environmental challenges. In this study, we hypothesize that body growth and lactation during gestation in cattle reduce nutrient availability for the pregnant uterus, with consequences for placental development. Fetal membranes of 16 growing heifers and 27 fully grown cows of the Belgian Blue (BB) breed were compared to determine the effect of body growth on placental development. Furthermore, the fetal membranes of 49 lactating Holstein Friesian (HF) cows and 27 HF heifers were compared to study the impact of dam lactation compared to dam body growth. After parturition, calf birth weight and body measurements of dam and calf were recorded, as well as weight of total fetal membranes, cotyledons and intercotyledonary membranes. All cotyledons were individually measured to calculate both the surface of each individual cotyledon and the total cotyledonary surface per placenta. Total cotyledonary surface was unaffected by breed or the breed × parity interaction. Besides a 0.3 kg lower cotyledonary weight ( P = 0.007), heifer placentas had a smaller total cotyledonary surface compared with placentas of cows (0.48 ± 0.017 v. 0.54 ± 0.014 m 2 , respectively, P < 0.001). Within the BB breed, fetal membranes of heifers had a 1.5 kg lower total weight and 1.0 kg lower intercotyledonary membrane weight ( P < 0.005) compared with cows. A cotyledon number of only 91 ± 5.4 was found in multiparous BB dams, while growing BB heifers had a higher cotyledon number (126 ± 6.7, P < 0.001), but a greater proportion of smaller cotyledons (<40 cm 2 ). Within the HF breed, no parity effect on intercotyledonary membrane weight, cotyledon number and individual cotyledonary surface was found. Placental efficiency (calf weight/total cotyledonary surface) was similar in HF and BB heifers but significantly higher in multiparous BB compared with multiparous HF dams (106.0 ± 20.45 v. 74.3 ± 12.27 kg/m 2 , respectively, P < 0.001). Furthermore, a seasonal effect on placental development was found, with winter and spring placentas having smaller cotyledons than summer and fall placentas ( P < 0.001). Main findings of the present study are that lactation and maternal growth during gestation entail a comparable nutrient diverting constraint, which might alter placental development. However, results suggest that the placenta is able to manage this situation through two potential compensation mechanisms. In early pregnancy the placenta might cope by establishing a higher number of cotyledons, while in late gestation a compensatory expansion of the cotyledonary surface is suggested to meet the nutrient demand of the fetus.

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“…Tissues were placed into Petri dishes containing Krebs-Ringer buffer fortified with sodium pyruvate (5.0 mM), sodium glutamate (5.0 mM), sodium acetate (4.5 mM), glucose (25.0 mM) and malic acid (4.5 mM) buffer at 37°C. Subsamples (200 ± 10 mg; Reynolds et al, 1990) Hepatic and jejunal protein. Protein concentrations in maternal and fetal frozen tissues were analyzed using the colorimetric bicinchoninic acid method (Smith et al, 1985; Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit; Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) using a micro plate reader (SPECTRAmax TM 340; Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tissues were placed into Petri dishes containing Krebs-Ringer buffer fortified with sodium pyruvate (5.0 mM), sodium glutamate (5.0 mM), sodium acetate (4.5 mM), glucose (25.0 mM) and malic acid (4.5 mM) buffer at 37°C. Subsamples (200 ± 10 mg; Reynolds et al, 1990) Calculations and statistical analysis. Oxygen consumption (mmol/min per g) was calculated from the data obtained from the analyses of duplicate samples and then extrapolated per gram of protein (mmol/min per g protein), per total tissue weight (mmol/min per tissue) and relative to BW (mmol/min per kg BW).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nutrient restriction and realimentation in beef cows during early and mid-gestation and maternal and fetal hepatic and small intestinal in vitro oxygen consumption

Prezotto

Camacho

Lemley

et al. 2016

Animal

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Objectives were to determine the effects of advancing gestation, maternal nutrient restriction during early and mid-gestation, and realimentation on fetal liver and jejunal mass and energy use in both dams and fetuses. On day 30 of pregnancy, multiparous, non-lactating beef cows (initial BW = 621 ± 11.3 kg and body condition score = 5.1 ± 0.1) were assigned to one of the two dietary treatments: control (CON; 100% requirements; n = 18) and restricted (R; 60% requirements; n = 28). On day 85, cows were slaughtered (CON, n = 6; R, n = 6), and remaining cows continued on control (CC; n = 12) and restricted (RR; n = 12) diets, or were realimented to the control diet (RC; n = 11). On day 140, cows were slaughtered (CC, n = 6; RR, n = 6; RC, n = 5), remaining cows continued on the control diet (CCC, n = 6; RCC, n = 5), or were realimented to the control diet (RRC, n = 6). On day 254, all remaining cows were slaughtered. Maternal liver O 2 consumption linearly increased ( P ⩽ 0.04) and jejunal weight (g/kg) linearly decreased (P = 0.04) as gestation advanced in CON groups. Fetal BW, and hepatic and small intestinal absolute mass, protein content and O 2 consumption linearly increased ( P ⩽ 0.04) as pregnancy advanced in CON groups. However, mass and O 2 consumption relative to BW linearly decreased ( P ⩽ 0.001) in the fetal liver in CON groups. When analyzing the effects of dietary treatment, at day 85, fetal jejunal O 2 consumption (mol/min per kg BW) was lower ( P = 0.02) in the R group when compared with the CON group. At day 140, maternal hepatic weight (g) was lower ( P = 0.02) in RC and RR cows when compared with CC, and fetal jejunual O 2 consumption (mmol/min per mg tissue and mmol/min per g protein) was greater ( P ⩽ 0.02) in RC when compared with RR. At day 254, maternal hepatic O 2 consumption (absolute and relative to BW) was lower ( P ⩽ 0.04) in the RCC cows when compared with RRC. Fetal hepatic weight was lower ( P = 0.05) in the CCC group when compared with RCC and RRC. The changes in response to nutrient restriction and realimentation in both the dam and fetus may indicate an adaptation to a lower amount of available nutrients by altering tissue mass and metabolism.Keywords: bovine, energy use, fetal, maternal, viscera ImplicationsPoor nutrition during pregnancy can result in long-lasting negative effects on the cow and offspring. Our data suggest that cows and fetuses have the ability to adapt to restriction and realimentation by altering mass or energy use in an attempt to increase the digestion and utilization of feed or to alter maintenance requirements to maintain fetal growth and development. Maternal realimentation and length of realimentation has the potential to change the effects observed in cows and fetuses by mid or late gestation. These effects may influence whole animal energetic efficiency and future productivity of the cow and offspring. IntroductionPregnancy results in a 20% to 50% increase in maternal metabolic rate, measured via O 2 consumption, in most mammals (Stock and Metcalfe, 199...

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Growth and in-vitro metabolism of placental tissues of cows from Day 100 to Day 250 of gestation

Cited by 84 publications

References 22 publications

Microvascularization and angiogenic activity of equine corpora lutea throughout the estrous cycle

Microvascularization and angiogenic activity of equine corpora lutea throughout the estrous cycle

Evidence for placental compensation in cattle

Nutrient restriction and realimentation in beef cows during early and mid-gestation and maternal and fetal hepatic and small intestinal in vitro oxygen consumption

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