Growth hormone replacement in adults – current standards and new perspectives

Status of long-acting-growth hormone preparations — 2015

“…This applies for adult replacement in particular, but is also accepted practice among many pediatricians [22,23]. It is generally agreed that prolonged supraphysiological concentrations of IGF-I should be avoided [56].…”

The GH receptor exon 3 deletion is a marker of male-specific exceptional longevity associated with increased GH sensitivity and taller stature

“…The peaks of circulating GH are modulated by several factors, including age, health conditions, gender, and nutrition. GH production is decreased with age; however, it is never completely diminished ( 10 ). That said, there is accumulating evidence that GH may play a crucial role in modulating aging.…”

A Uniform Ultra-Small Microsphere/SAIB Hybrid Depot with Low Burst Release for Long-Term Continuous Drug Release

“…It is therefore essential to improve the triphasic drug release behavior of PLGA microspheres to provide continuous release without a lag-release phase to maintain the therapeutic effect of the drug in PLGA microspheres. To date, many efforts have been made to eliminate the lagphase and thus obtain continuous drug release: (1) increasing the water penetration by co-encapsulation of a pore agent in microspheres such as Mg(OH) 2 (6), stearic acid (14), and medium chain triglyceride (15), (2) improving the hydrophilic nature of PLGA by using low molecular weight PLGA (15)(16)(17), (3) and controlling the drug release by diffusion by preparing small-sized microspheres (e.g., smaller than 20 μm for small molecules) (18,19). Although the above approaches all successfully eliminate the lag-release phase by increasing the drug diffusion rate during the initial stage, problems, such as burst release and a significantly shortened drug release period caused by those approaches, have occurred.…”

“…Since an increasing number of diseases, such as schizophrenia, hormone-dependent conditions, and diabetes, require longterm drug treatment, sustained-release drug delivery systems that can exhibit long periods of drug release have attracted much attention (1)(2)(3). Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based microspheres have been widely applied to deliver synthetic small molecules and large molecules, due to the excellent degradability and biocompatibility of PLGA (4)(5)(6)(7)(8).…”