Growth of sensation on seven continua as measured by force of handgrip.

Stevens, Joseph C.; Mack, Joel; Stevens, S. S.

doi:10.1037/h0040746

Cited by 131 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The value of exponent n depends on sense modality. For electrocutaneous sensation, S. S. Stevens and his co-workers (S. S. Stevens, 1959; S. S. Stevens, Carton, & Shickman, 1958; J. C. Stevens, Mack, & S. S. Stevens, 1960), using finger-cup electrodes and 6O-Hz sinusoidal current, obtained an exponent of about 3.5. However, these results are not supported by recent studies, except for those of Bujas, Szabo, Kovacic, and Rohacek (1975) and Hawkes (1960).…”

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confidence: 99%

The perceptual properties of electrocutaneous stimulation: Sensory quality, subjective intensity, and intensity-duration relation

Tashiro

Higashiyama

1981

Perception & Psychophysics

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A preliminary and two main experiments designed to examine the perceptual properties of electrocutaneous stimulation are reported. The stimuli used were single short pulses varying in intensity and duration. In Experiment 1, the exponents of power functions fitted to electrocutaneous magnitude estimation data were determined together with the sensory qualities induced by electrical stimulation. The results showed that there was no correlation between the exponent values and the sensory qualities. The mean exponent was 1.2. In Experiment 2, an intensity-duration trading function was constructed from the data obtained from identifying the induced sensory qualities. The results showed that the critical duration increases from 30 to 300 msec with increasing sensation level. These findings are compared with the properties of other sense modalities.

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confidence: 99%

The perceptual properties of electrocutaneous stimulation: Sensory quality, subjective intensity, and intensity-duration relation

Tashiro

Higashiyama

1981

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…stevens, Mack, & Stevens (1960) have pointed out that their use of a hand dynamometer in an intermodal matching situation relieved the S of the burden of making numerical estimations of intensity and, thus, reduced error from that source. The present study required of the S merely that he pay attention to the stimuli.…”

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confidence: 99%

Equating stimulus intensities by means of the GSR

Kimmel

1967

Psychon Sci

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“…Previous studies on electrical stimulation have reported diverse slopes of the power functions fitted to magnitude estimates: Bujas, Szabo, Kovacic, and Rohacek (1975) S. S. Stevens (1960), and S. S. Stevens, Carton, and Shickman (1958) obtained high slopes of 3.5 or more; Babkoff (1976Babkoff ( , 1978 and Tashiro and Higashiyama (1981) obtained low slopes of.9 to 1.2; Cross, Tursky, and Lodge (1975), Rollman and Harris (1987), and Sachs, Miller, and Grant (1980) obtained moderate slopes of 1.7 to 2.5. Moreover, Rollman and Harris (1987) noted considerable individual differences in the slope of the power function for electrical shock.…”

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confidence: 99%

Magnitude estimates for electrical pulses: Evidence for two neural mechanisms

Higashiyama

Tashiro

1989

Perception & Psychophysics

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The hypothesis that there are two neural mechanisms for electrocutaneous stimulation-one that is sensitive to low current and is adaptive to repeated stimulation and another that is responsive to high current and is less adaptive-was tested in a control and four main experiments. In the main experiments, magnitude estimates obtained for single electrical pulses (of 2-msec duration) were described by a simple power function for each combination of high-and low-current levels and 10 trial blocks. The results were: (1) The slope of the power function for low current was steeper than was that for high current; (2) for low current, the intercept of the power function decreased with increasing block, whereas for high current, it remained constant over blocks; (3) this decrease of the intercept for low current disappeared when judgmental blocks were separated by a rest period of 8 min; (4) the modulus did not affect the slope; (5) for a large modulus combined with low current, the intercept decreased rapidly over trial blocks, whereas for a small modulus combined with high current, the intercept increased over trial blocks. The fIrst four fIndings support the two-mechanism hypothesis, but the last one may also be interpretable in terms of the regression to absolute scale values.Higashiyama and Tashiro (1987) obtained free-modulus magnitude estimates for single electrical pulses as a function of stimulus current, with the parameters of trial block and current level. For the high-current level, which produced pain responses, the magnitude estimates remained constant independently of block, whereas for the low-current level, which yielded tactile sensations, they decreased as a function of block. In addition, the exponents of power functions fItted to the magnitude estimates were smaller for the high-current level (2.02) than were those for the low-current level (4.06). These fIndings have led them to suggest that there are two neural mechanisms with different adaptation processes: One is sensitive to low current and is very adaptive to repeated stimulation, and another is responsive to high current and is less adaptive.However, these outcomes also could be explained in terms of a natural absolute scale. Zwislocki and Goodman (1980) argued that subjects tend to use absolute judgments rather than ratio judgments when making magnitude estimations or productions of sensation. In usual ratio scales, the unit of measurement is arbitrary and can be changed by multiplying all scale values by a constant. In absolute scales, on the other hand, the unit is not arbitrary

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Growth of sensation on seven continua as measured by force of handgrip.

Cited by 131 publications

References 11 publications

The perceptual properties of electrocutaneous stimulation: Sensory quality, subjective intensity, and intensity-duration relation

The perceptual properties of electrocutaneous stimulation: Sensory quality, subjective intensity, and intensity-duration relation

Equating stimulus intensities by means of the GSR

Magnitude estimates for electrical pulses: Evidence for two neural mechanisms

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