Growth Regulator Herbicides Prevent Invasive Annual Grass Seed Production

Rinella, Matthew J.; Haferkamp, Marshall R.; Masters, Robert A.; Muscha, Jennifer M.; Bellows, Susan E.; Vermeire, Lance T.

doi:10.1614/ipsm-d-09-00007.1

Cited by 29 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…8D-E). A similar phenomenon was observed in cereals, wherein 2,4-D reduced production of viable seeds indicating a lack of embryo and endosperm development (Rinella et al, 2010). In general, grape clusters develop LGOs whenever flowering (fertilization) coincides with adverse weather conditions (May, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Anomalies in Structure, Growth Characteristics, and Nutritional Composition as Induced by 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid Drift Phytotoxicity in Grapevine Leaves and Clusters

Bondada¹

2011

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Drift hazards and the effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) spray drift on woody perennials have been commonly observed since its discovery in the 1940s; however, 2,4-D-induced phytotoxicity, morphogenesis, and structural and compositional anomalies of their vegetative and reproductive structures are not well understood. Healthy and 2,4-D-injured shoots of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) from a commercial vineyard experiencing persistent drift were compared. The morphoanatomy of healthy and 2,4-D-injured leaves and berries were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Along with the microscopic examinations, stomatal conductance (g S ), leaf growth characteristics, and mineral composition were also determined. The morphoanatomy of healthy leaves resembled that of a typical angiospermic leaf. By contrast, shoots exposed to 2,4-D phytotoxicity displayed epinastic behavior and developed grotesquely malformed leaves that were thick, fan-shaped, enated, and interveinally puckered as a result of fasciation of veins. The cellular architecture, including the vascular bundles, was altered as a result of the formation of parenchymatous replacement tissues. The g S , leaf index, leaf area, and petiole dimensions were significantly reduced in the 2,4-D-injured leaves. 2,4-D-injured leaves; however, accumulated high levels of nitrogen, potassium, and iron compared with healthy leaves. The clusters (fertilized inflorescences) of the injured shoots developed epinastic curvature and predominantly bore live green ovaries (seedless unripened pseudofruit) instead of true berries (fertilized fully ripened fleshy fruit). These abnormalities are expected to severely perturb the vital functions of photosynthesis and transpiration as evidenced by low g S and poor fruit set leading to senescence and localized necrosis ultimately causing death of current-season shoots.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Anomalies in Structure, Growth Characteristics, and Nutritional Composition as Induced by 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid Drift Phytotoxicity in Grapevine Leaves and Clusters

Bondada¹

2011

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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“…(C) Final mean (6 1 SE) number of leaves and average plant height with MANOVA statistics and mean plant biomass with ANOVA statistics of three shrub species following treatment with either imazapic or DI water (controls). a (A) Downy brome mortality, height, and flowers seed production could reduce the spread of annual invasive grasses (Davies et al 2010, Rinella et al 2010.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rehabilitating Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)–Invaded Shrublands Using Imazapic and Seeding with Native Shrubs

Owen

Sieg

Gehring³

2011

Invasive plant sci. manag.

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Rehabilitation of downy brome–infested shrublands is challenging once this invasive grass dominates native communities. The effectiveness of imazapic herbicide in reducing downy brome cover has been variable, and there is uncertainty about the impacts of imazapic on native species. We used a before-after-control-impact (BACI) field experiment and greenhouse studies to (1) determine if imazapic herbicide applied at 132 g ai ha−1 (8 oz/ac−1) and seeding with two native shrub species (Wyoming big sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata] and Mexican cliffrose [Purshia mexicana]) reduced downy brome cover and promoted shrub establishment, (2) assess potential effects of imazapic on nontarget plant species and plant community composition, and (3) determine if imazapic affected downy brome or seeded shrub species when applied at different developmental stages. Seeding shrubs, alone, or in combination with imazapic application, did not significantly increase shrub density, possibly because of droughty conditions. In the field, imazapic reduced downy brome cover by 20% and nontarget forb cover by 25% and altered plant community composition the first year after treatment. Imazapic was lethal to downy brome at all growth stages in the greenhouse and reduced shrub germination by 50 to 80%, but older shrub seedlings were more tolerant of the herbicide. We conclude that a one-time application of imazapic combined with seeding shrubs was only slightly effective in rehabilitating areas with high downy brome and thatch cover and resulted in short-term impacts to nontarget species. These results highlight the need to treat downy brome infestations before they become too large. Also, removing thatch prior to treating with imazapic, although likely lethal to the native shrubs we studied, could increase the effectiveness of imazapic.

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“…Compared with photosynthesis inhibitors and amino acid synthesis inhibitors, growth regulators tend to be less toxic to both seedling and well-established desirable perennial grasses (Lym and Kirby 1991;Lym and Messersmith 1985;Sheley et al 2000;Shinn and Thill 2004). In addition to having PRE activity, growth regulators applied POST between jointing and heading stages have recently been shown to greatly reduce seed production of the invasive annual grasses T. caput-medusae, B. tectorum, and field brome (Bromus arvensis L.) (Rinella et al 2010a(Rinella et al , 2010b(Rinella et al , 2013(Rinella et al , 2014. The herbicides cause development of abnormal seeds lacking endosperm and the ability to germinate (Rinella et al 2010a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing Aminopyralid to Prevent Seed Production Controls Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and Increases Forage Grasses

Rinella

Davy²,

Kyser

et al. 2018

Invasive plant sci. manag.

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Exotic annual grasses such as medusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski] and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) dominate millions of hectares of grasslands in the western United States. Applying picloram, aminopyralid, and other growth regulator herbicides at late growth stages reduces seed production of most exotic annual grasses. In this study, we applied aminopyralid to T. caput-medusae to determine how reducing seed production in the current growing season influenced cover in the subsequent growing season. At eight annual grassland sites, we applied aminopyralid at 55, 123, and 245 g ae ha −1 in spring just before T. caput-medusae heading. The two higher rates were also applied pre-emergence (PRE) in fall to allow comparisons with this previously tested timing. When applied in spring during the roughly 10-d period between the flag leaf and inflorescence first becoming visible, just 55 g ae ha −1 of aminopyralid greatly limited seed production and subsequently reduced T. caput-medusae cover to nearly zero. Fall aminopyralid applications were less effective against T. caput-medusae, even at a rate of 245 g ae ha −1 . The growing season of application, fall treatments, but not spring treatments, sometimes reduced cover of desirable winter annual forage grasses. The growing season after application, both spring and fall treatments tended to increase forage grasses, though spring treatments generally caused larger increases. Compared with other herbicide treatment options, preheading aminopyralid treatments are a relatively inexpensive, effective approach for controlling T. caput-medusae and increasing forage production.

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Growth Regulator Herbicides Prevent Invasive Annual Grass Seed Production

Cited by 29 publications

References 29 publications

Anomalies in Structure, Growth Characteristics, and Nutritional Composition as Induced by 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid Drift Phytotoxicity in Grapevine Leaves and Clusters

Anomalies in Structure, Growth Characteristics, and Nutritional Composition as Induced by 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid Drift Phytotoxicity in Grapevine Leaves and Clusters

Rehabilitating Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)–Invaded Shrublands Using Imazapic and Seeding with Native Shrubs

Timing Aminopyralid to Prevent Seed Production Controls Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and Increases Forage Grasses

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