Guanine/Ionic Liquid Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Decorated with AuNPs as Efficient NADH Biosensor and Suitable Platform for Enzymes Immobilization and Biofuel Cell Design

Abstract

Guanine‐ionic liquid derived ordered mesoporous carbon (GIOMC) decorated with gold nanoparticles was used as electrocatalyste for NADH oxidation and electrochemical platform for immobilization of glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) enzyme. The resulting GIOMC/AuNPs on the glassy carbon electrode can be used as novel redox‐mediator free for NADH sensing and this integrated system (GIOMC/AuNPs/GDH) shows excellent electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation. Furthermore, the ionic liquid derived ordered mesoporous carbon derivate with Ph‐SO3H (IOMC‐PhSO3H) decorated with AuNPs has been developed to bilirubin oxidase enzyme (BOD) immobilization and the GC/IOMC‐PhSO3H/BOD integrated system shows excellent bioelectrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction. The proposed mesostructured platforms decorated by AuNPs have been developed to enhance mass transfer and charge transfer from biocatalyst to electrode, leading these bioanode and biocathode used for biofuel cell assembly. Integration designed bioanode and biocathode yielding a membrane‐less glucose/O2 biofuel cell with power density of 33 (mW.cm−2) at 257 mV. The open circuit voltage of this biofuel cell and maximum produced current density were 508 mV and 0.252 (mA.cm−2) respectively.

Enzymatic self-wiring in nanopores and its application in direct electron transfer biofuel cells

“…The discharge was accompanied by a maximal power output of 45 mW cm À2 , peaking at a current density of 105 mA cm À2 . These discharge characteristics are comparable to those of other biofuel cells based on mesoporous carbon substances, [67][68][69][70][71] and especially to those of systems which employ DET pathways, Table S2. † It should be noted that no further optimization was performed prior to the discharge, suggesting that the performance can be further elevated for example by tuning the discharge temperature or by synthetically increasing the PtNC size, as well as by other means occasionally reported to enhance the charge transfer in biofuel cells, such as introducing convection to the cell.…”

Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers

“…Our final FAD enzyme target, glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH), is one of the most widely known dehydrogenases with a tightly bound cofactor, making it different from NAD + -dependent GDH. FAD-GDH has been extensively studied as an emerging alternative to glucose oxidase (GOx) due to its favorable DET capability, insensitivity to dioxygen, and the fact that no hydrogen peroxide is generated [116][117][118][119]. The structure of GDH is analogous to that of FDH, comprising three subunits: an FAD-dependent catalytic subunit, an ET subunit with three heme groups, and a small "hitch-hiker" protein used for the flexibility of the catalytic subunit into the periplasm [116,120].…”

One-pot acid–base catalysed tandem reactions using a bimodal N, S-doped cubic mesoporous carbon

“…[31][32][33][34][35] We have also been actively involved in this field by reporting the synthesis of several ionic liquid-derived carbons with the nanocasting technique. These materials have been used in several important electrochemical studies [36][37][38][39][40][41] due to their excellent electronic properties and were also employed in various organic transformations by supporting different metal nanoparticles. 39,[42][43][44][45] Inspired by the synergistic effects between histidine-101 (as a base site) and aspartate-104 (as an acid site) in glucose-isomerase enzymes, 46 we were motivated to study the possibility of introducing both acidic and basic functional groups inside the framework of a three-dimensional ordered mesoporous carbon by doping of sulfur and nitrogen heteroatoms.…”