We present equilibrated flux a posteriori error estimates in a unified setting for conforming, nonconforming, discontinuous Galerkin, and mixed finite element discretizations of the two-dimensional Poisson problem. Relying on the equilibration by mixed finite element solution of patchwise Neumann problems, the estimates are guaranteed, locally computable, locally efficient, and robust with respect to polynomial degree. Maximal local overestimation is guaranteed as well. Numerical experiments suggest asymptotic exactness for the incomplete interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin scheme.Key words: a posteriori error estimate, equilibrated flux, unified framework, robustness, polynomial degree, conforming finite element method, nonconforming finite element method, discontinuous Galerkin method, mixed finite element method
IntroductionA posteriori error estimates in the conforming finite element setting have already received a large attention. In particular, following the concept of Prager and Synge [64], cf. also Synge [72], Aubin and Burchard [13], and Hlaváček et al. [50], and invoking fluxes in the H(div, Ω) space, guaranteed upper bounds on the error can be obtained. A general functional framework delivering guaranteed upper bounds, independent of the numerical method, has been derived by Repin [66,67,68]. It does not rely on Galerkin orthogonality neither on local equilibration and accommodates an arbitrary flux reconstruction. The idea of using a local residual equilibration procedure for the normal face fluxes reconstruction has been proposed by Ladevèze [55], Ladevèze and Leguillon [56], Kelly [51], Ainsworth and Oden [7,8], and Parés et al. [61,62]. In this context, guaranteed upper bounds typically require solving infinite-dimensional element problems, which, in practice, are approximated. On the other hand, an essential property achieved by means of local equilibration procedures is local efficiency, meaning that the derived estimators also represent local lower bounds of the error, up to a generic constant. This appears to be crucial in view of local mesh refinement, as well as in order to obtain robustness in singularly perturbed problems. Cheap local flux equilibrations leading to a fully computable guaranteed upper bound have been obtained by Destuynder and Métivet [38]. Later, mixed finite element solutions of local Neumann problems posed over patches of (sub)elements, where one minimizes locally the estimator contributions, were proposed, see Luce and Wohlmuth [57], Braess and Schöberl [19],and [77,30,79]. As a matter of fact, lifting the normal face fluxes of the equilibrated residual method to H(div, Ω) immediately yields equilibrated fluxes, cf. Nicaise et al. [59]. Then, both a guaranteed bound and local efficiency are obtained. For computational comparisons of some of these approaches in the lowest-order case, see Carstensen and Merdon [28].The theory in the nonconforming setting, where the discrete solution (potential) is not in the energy space H 1 (Ω), appears to be less developed....