Guidelines for Engineered Storage for Direct Potable Reuse

Municipal water reuse can contribute to a circular water economy in different contexts and with various treatment trains. This study synthesized information regarding the current technological and regulatory statuses of municipal reuse. It provides process-level information on cost and energy metrics for three potable reuse and one nonpotable reuse case studies using the new Water Techno-economic Assessment Pipe-Parity Platform (WaterTAP3). WaterTAP3 enabled comparisons of cost and energy metrics for different treatment trains and for different alternative water sources consistently with a common platform. A carbon-based treatment train has both a lower calculated levelized cost of water (LCOW) ($0.40/m3) and electricity intensity (0.30 kWh/m3) than a reverse osmosis (RO)-based treatment train ($0.54/m3 and 0.84 kWh/m3). In comparing LCOW and energy intensity for water production from municipal reuse, brackish water, and seawater based on the largest facilities of each type in the United States, municipal reuse had a lower LCOW and electricity than seawater but higher values than for production from brackish water. For a small (2.0 million gallon per day) inland RO-based municipal reuse facility, WaterTAP3 evaluated different deep well injection and zero liquid discharge (ZLD) scenarios for management of RO concentrate. Adding ZLD to a facility that currently allows surface discharge of concentrate would approximately double the LCOW. For all four case studies, LCOW is most sensitive to changes in weighted average cost of capital, on-stream capacity, and plant life. Baseline assessments, pipe parity metrics, and scenario analyses can inform greater observability and understanding of reuse adoption and the potential for cost-effective and energy-efficient reuse.

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“…The blended water is then treated in one of several drinking water treatment facilities before distribution. 66,67 3.1.4. Solaire Building.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The treated water is blended with raw water in a transmission line. The blended water is then treated in one of several drinking water treatment facilities before distribution. , …”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost and Energy Metrics for Municipal Water Reuse

et al. 2021

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“…The location of this buffer is driven by the DPR approach, where the ESB is between the advanced treatment plant and the drinking water treatment plant for raw‐water augmentation and between the advanced treatment plant and the potable water distribution system for treated water augmentation (Figure 8). FRT is critical in DPR systems to assess the monitoring results and to perform subsequent failure response, and ESBs sized for appropriate RRT exceeding the FRT are therefore an important element for risk management in DPR systems (Salveson et al, 2016).…”

Section: Monitoring Of Natural and Engineereed Buffersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The response retention time (RRT) available for corrective action in the event of a CCP failure can vary widely in potable reuse depending on the application (Amoueyan et al, 2017) The RRT storage concept was originally applied to IPR by utilizing environmental buffers, whose long residence time generally provides ample time for response to treatment failures (Olivieri et al, 2020). The concern of much shorter RRT in DPR is a key challenge, and adding engineered storage buffer systems can increase safety, reliability and robustness by providing a source of RRT (Salveson et al, 2016). For any potable reuse system, a required failure response time (FRT) may be estimated for processes in the treatment train that specifically require periodic sampling/monitoring.…”

Section: Human Enteric Viruses and Risk Management In Potable Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

Aligning monitoring of virus barriers in potable reuse with unit process treatment mechanisms and time scales: A critical review and research needs

Adelman,

Oberoi,

Oppenheimer

et al. 2024

AWWA Water Science

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Interest is growing in potable reuse in response to water scarcity and the desire for sustainable supplies. While potable reuse systems must control a variety of physical, chemical, and microbiological contaminants, human enteric viruses are particularly concerning and drive process performance objectives due to their often‐high occurrence in source waters, small size, potential resistance to treatment, and laborious methods to determine infectivity. This paper reviews the alignment of online monitoring practices with the mechanisms and time scales of the various barriers for enteric viruses. While there are numerous studies and reviews of individual barriers, no other review has been identified that covers operational monitoring of the entire potable reuse system. This paper also provides a critical assessment of the efficacy of current practices for operational and verification monitoring of the integrity of barriers to enteric viruses in potable reuse systems. The prevalence of human enteric viruses in wastewater and associated challenges of quantifying them through treatment are discussed within the risk management frameworks currently in use or under development for potable reuse systems. Monitoring approaches are then reviewed throughout the potable reuse water cycle. Current monitoring practices are compared with treatment process mechanisms and time scales, for the treatment barriers of biological wastewater treatment, membrane bioreactors, microfiltration/ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet irradiation/advanced oxidation, ozonation, granular media/biologically active filtration, and chlorination. Monitoring and pathogen removal mechanisms are also reviewed for both environmental and engineered buffers. Implications are then discussed for future areas of research in potable reuse.

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Guidelines for Engineered Storage for Direct Potable Reuse

Cited by 2 publications

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Cost and Energy Metrics for Municipal Water Reuse

Cost and Energy Metrics for Municipal Water Reuse

Aligning monitoring of virus barriers in potable reuse with unit process treatment mechanisms and time scales: A critical review and research needs

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