Guidelines for reproducing blast exposures in the laboratory

Josey, Tyson; Ouellet, Simon; Bieler, Dan; Černak, Ibolja; Franke, Axel; Gupta, Raj K.; Kirkman, Emrys; Leggieri, Michael J.; Orru, Hans; Philippens, M.M.G.M.; Risling, MG; Sarron, JC; Skriudalen, Stian; Teland, Jan Arild; Watts, Sarah; Bjarnason, Stephen

doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-000954

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Likewise, the position of the animal is distal to the end of the tube, obviating end-jet effects (including reflected waves) resulting from the emergence of the shock wave from the tube. [206][207][208][216][217][218][219]. Several of the noted publications, e.g., emphasize the important issue of specimen placement.…”

Section: Modeling Preclinical Blast For Sabvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 3 is a summary checklist for experimental planning; many of the queries in the checklist overlap with the Common Data Elements in Table 2, but it is included here because there is additional emphasis on investigator review of study rationale and description of the shock/blast-generating apparatus. Investigators of blast effects on preclinical models of sex differences should first consider the details for inducing blast overpressure [cf., (219)].…”

Section: Protective Shielding Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For several years now outstanding—and edifying—publications outline details for proper design of shock wave studies ( 198 , 206 – 208 , 216 – 219 ). Several of the noted publications, e.g., emphasize the important issue of specimen placement.…”

Section: Preclinical Modeling Of Blast For the Study Of Sex Differencmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second important consideration is the size of the specimen relative to the dimensions of the tube. Referred to as the “presented area,” the specimen should not occupy more than 5–10% of the cross-sectional area of the tube to not impede the steady flow of the shock wave ( Figure 1C ), where blockage alters the free-field flow of the shock wave and can cause ancillary tertiary effects from specimen acceleration ( 198 , 219 ). Optimal design of the shock tube can provide a location inside the apparatus ( Figure 1D ) that minimizes end-tube perturbations, including a strong reflection wave generated when the tube has an open end, and can further control the waveform by “tailoring” to reduce transverse and longitudinal waves inherent in tubes ( 208 ).…”

Section: Preclinical Modeling Of Blast For the Study Of Sex Differencmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of added high relevance for preclinical blast research is the framework of the NATO Task Group, HFM-234 ( 220 ). This document resulted in the dissemination of useful guidelines, including rules for more detailed description of the blast (or shock) exposure device ( 219 ) and the specifics of animal modeling ( 239 ). In addition to allowing comparisons across laboratories, improved standardization and description of conditions can lead to improvement of data quality where the guidelines permit funding bodies to better evaluate the experimental plan and design of proposals, and journal reviewers and editors to have a better sense of the quality of reported findings ( 239 ).…”

Section: Preclinical Modeling Of Blast For the Study Of Sex Differencmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex as a Biological Variable in Preclinical Modeling of Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury

McCabe

Tucker

2020

Front. Neurol.

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Approaches to furthering our understanding of the bioeffects, behavioral changes, and treatment options following exposure to blast are a worldwide priority. Of particular need is a more concerted effort to employ animal models to determine possible sex differences, which have been reported in the clinical literature. In this review, clinical and preclinical reports concerning blast injury effects are summarized in relation to sex as a biological variable (SABV). The review outlines approaches that explore the pertinent role of sex chromosomes and gonadal steroids for delineating sex as a biological independent variable. Next, underlying biological factors that need exploration for blast effects in light of SABV are outlined, including pituitary, autonomic, vascular, and inflammation factors that all have evidence as having important SABV relevance. A major second consideration for the study of SABV and preclinical blast effects is the notable lack of consistent model design-a wide range of devices have been employed with questionable relevance to real-life scenarios-as well as poor standardization for reporting of blast parameters. Hence, the review also provides current views regarding optimal design of shock tubes for approaching the problem of primary blast effects and sex differences and outlines a plan for the regularization of reporting. Standardization and clear description of blast parameters will provide greater comparability across models, as well as unify consensus for important sex difference bioeffects.

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