Guidelines for the diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis (AntimicrobialGuidelinesWorkingGroup of theInternationalSociety forCompanionAnimalInfectiousDiseases)

Abstract

Background Superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) is usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and routinely treated with systemic antimicrobial agents. Infection is a consequence of reduced immunity associated with alterations of the skin barrier and underlying diseases that may be difficult to diagnose and resolve; thus, SBF is frequently recurrent and repeated treatment is necessary. The emergence of multiresistant bacteria, particularly meticillin‐resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), has focused attention on the need for optimal management of SBF. Objectives Provision of an internationally available resource guiding practitioners in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SBF. Development of the guidelines The guidelines were developed by the Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases, with consultation and advice from diplomates of the American and European Colleges of Veterinary Dermatology. They describe optimal methods for the diagnosis and management of SBF, including isolation of the causative organism, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, selection of antimicrobial drugs, therapeutic protocols and advice on infection control. Guidance is given for topical and systemic modalities, including approaches suitable for MRSP. Systemic drugs are classified in three tiers. Tier one drugs are used when diagnosis is clear cut and risk factors for antimicrobial drug resistance are not present. Otherwise, tier two drugs are used and antimicrobial susceptibility tests are mandatory. Tier three includes drugs reserved for highly resistant infections; their use is strongly discouraged and, when necessary, they should be used in consultation with specialists. Conclusions and clinical importance Optimal management of SBF will improve antimicrobial use and reduce selection of MRSP and other multidrug‐resistant bacteria affecting animal and human health.

Canine Extremity Wound Treatment with Chitosan Extracted from Shrimp Shells: A Case Report

“…Chitosan is outstanding as a significant option, as systemic therapy becomes more limited. It was reported that with the absent of abscesses, the drainage of the pus and local or topical medication promotes the effectiveness of antibiotics to the skin [17]. It has also been reported that dermal infections are resolved after three weeks or more of systemic AMD treatment.…”

“…Similarly, Okamoto et al [16] used chitosan as wound dressing and reported good healing in 28 out of 32 cases (87.5%). Hillier et al [17] reported that one of the major problems is lack of in vivo studies that assess the clinical efficacy and safety of topical therapy, either alone or in combination with systemic antimicrobial drugs (AMD) therapy and the absence of susceptibility interpretative criteria for topical agents.…”

“…It has also been reported that dermal infections are resolved after three weeks or more of systemic AMD treatment. Total resolution of all lesions and prevention of rapid recurrence of disease requires 3-6 weeks of treatment [17].…”

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, both commensal and pathogen

“…In the course of the disease various clinical signs are observed, including pustules, crusted papules and erythema, as well as impetigo, furunculosis and abscesses (102). In dogs, superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) is the commonest form of canine pyoderma (40). Superficial pyoderma is defined as a superficial bacterial infection of the epidermis and hair follicles, and is usually secondary to allergic, parasitic, endocrine, immune-mediated, conformational or keratinization (seborrheic) disorders.…”

Antimicrobial Resistance & ‘Man's best Friend’: What they give to us we might be giving Right Back

“…Additionally, human medicine has numerous published therapeutic guidelines that are evidence based with grading of recommendations based on the strength of the evidence [5][6][7]. Over the past 6 years, therapeutic guidelines for companion animal infectious diseases have been published under the umbrella of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases [8] and to date, urinary tract [9], dermatology [10] and respiratory tract [11] documents have been published and currently the urinary tract infection (UTI) guidelines are under revision and update. As with humans, the topic of asymptomatic bacteruria is being addressed.…”