Guiding Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Design by Pharmacophore Modeling

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) combine the selectivity of immunoaffinity chromatography with the robustness of common solid-phase extraction in what is referred to as molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE). This contribution shows how MIP design may be guided by pharmacophore modeling for the example of citrinin, which is an emerging mycotoxin from cereals. The obtained pharmacophore model allowed searching public databases for a set of citrinin-mimicking molecular surrogates. Imprinted and non-imprinted polymers were subsequently obtained through bulk and core-shell polymerization in the presence of these surrogates. Evaluation of their binding ability for citrinin and structurally related ochratoxin A revealed a promising MIP derived from rhodizonic acid. A protocol for MISPE of citrinin from cereals was subsequently developed and compared to immunoaffinity chromatography with respect to clean-up efficiency and recovery.

A Review of Sensors and Biosensors Modified with Conducting Polymers and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Used in Electrochemical Detection of Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan

“…Generally, MIPs are stable, and resistant to various pH values and temperatures, but are also in various solvents [96]. Another advantage of MIPs is their relatively simple and inexpensive synthesis, which represents an alternative in using natural biological receivers [121]. Due to their affinity and selectivity, MIPs have proved to be adequate receivers for various organic and biological species such as enzymes and antibodies, and, in recent years, they have been used to manufacture electrochemical sensors and biosensors, a model for preparation being given in Figure 7 [42].…”

“…Thus, researchers highlighted the unique properties of these devices: their optical, electrical, and mechanical properties, increased stability, high response rate, and increased sensitivity in the process of rapidly and precisely detecting AAs [127]. These analytical instruments were therefore found applicable in a large range of fields, including biotechnology and bio-pharma-medicine [93,94,121].…”

Recent Trends in the Development of Carbon-Based Electrodes Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Antibiotic Electroanalysis

“…MIPs are mechanically and chemically stable even at extreme pH and temperature values and, therefore, suitable for MIP-based sensors preparation even if they are single-use or multi-use [73,74]. Owing to these advantages, MIPs found applications in catalysis [75], immunoassays [30], separation [76] and sensing [77][78][79] procedures, in the pharmaceutical and medical fields [68,70,74,80], as well as in food [81,82] and environmental monitoring and control [68,70,80,83,84].…”