Guilty by mere association: Evaluative conditioning and the spreading attitude effect.

Walther, Eva

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.919

Cited by 217 publications

(278 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…seen as the prototypical case of EC, but it also imposes a priori restrictions on its properties. For example, if EC is limited to changes in liking of neutral stimuli that are paired with valenced stimuli, phenomena such as sensory pre-conditioning (i.e., a change in liking of CS1 after experiencing CS1-CS2 trials that are followed by CS2-US trials; e.g., Hammerl & Grabitz, 1996;Walther, 2002) would not qualify as instances of EC. A further difference between the definition by De Houwer and some other definitions is that it does not refer to the direction in which liking changes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research on the influence of secondary tasks during the presentation of CS-US pairings is relevant for the resource-independence of the processes that operate during the INTRODUCTION 21 acquisition phase (e.g., Dedonder et al, 2010;Pleyers et al, 2009;Walther, 2002). It has to be noted, however, that potential effects of a secondary task could also be due to differences in task-related goals.…”

Section: Resource Independencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluative conditioning: Recent developments and future directions

Gast

Gawronski

Houwer

2012

Learning and Motivation

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Evaluative conditioning (EC) is generally considered to be one of the routes via which likes and dislikes are acquired. We identify recent trends in EC research and speculate about the topics that will dominate future research on EC. Many of the recent developments in EC research were shaped by functional definitions of EC that refer only to environmental conditions, but not to mental processes and representations. These functional definitions stimulated the development of and debates between theories about the mental processes that mediate EC. These trends, as well as greater methodological and conceptual sophistication, inspired meta-conditional studies that aim at determining the conditions under which EC is characterized by certain properties. The question of whether EC depends on contingency awareness remains a central topic, albeit with a stronger link to theorizing about underlying mental processes. Other automaticity features have gained enhanced interest, as can for example be seen in research investigating whether EC is goal-independent and whether EC is resource-independent. We argue that future research would benefit from a sharper distinction between processes that operate during acquisition (i.e., when CS-US pairs are presented) and processes that operate during measurement (i.e., when the effects of CS-US pairings are assessed). We conclude with a short summary of all articles in this Special Issue, relating them to the identified trends in EC research.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resource Independencementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluative conditioning: Recent developments and future directions

Gast

Gawronski

Houwer

2012

Learning and Motivation

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“…The present research has several advances over previous work on implicit balance. The most important of these extensions has to do with moving from static to more dynamic views of implicit balance in consumer persuasion (Gawronski, Walther, & Blank, 2005;Langer et al, 2009;Walther, 2002). That is, whereas most previous research has focused on the examination of implicitly measured constructs (e.g., the self, an object or a group, and valence), the present research took a more experimental approach to examine implicit balance.…”

Section: Implications For Implicit Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Consumer persuasion: Indirect change and implicit balance

Horcajo

Briñol

Petty

2010

Psychology and Marketing

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The present research examines two main issues relevant to consumer persuasion: (1) whether automatic evaluations can change (both directly and indirectly) in response to verbal ads that engage deliberative information processing activity, and (2) whether such messages can result in spreading activation of implicit change that is consistent with balance principles. The first study showed that automatic evaluations of vegetables were more favorable after people read a health ad than a control message. The results of Study 2 showed that automatic associations toward Heineken (a brand associated with the color green) were also more favorable as a result of processing a message advocating the color green than a neutral control message. Consistent with the idea that automatic changes can be consequential not only for brands but also for consumer identity, participants of Study 3 showed more automatic self-vegetable associations after thinking about the benefits (rather than the negative consequences) of consuming vegetables. A final study revealed that false feedback increasing (vs. decreasing) self-product identity led to more favorable automatic attitudes toward the product, but only for those with relatively high scores on the implicit measure of selfesteem. Taken together, this series of studies suggests that automatic changes that result from consumer persuasion are consequential in terms of spreading activation and that they seem to respond to balance principles.

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“…This case implies a change in implicit but not explicit attitudes, with the two being generally uncorrelated. According to the APE model, such patterns should emerge when (a) a given factor leads to a change in pattern activation or associative structure and, additionally, (b) other relevant propositions lead to a rejection of associative evaluations as a valid basis for an evaluative judgment.An illustrative example for this pattern is again found in research on EC, which has shown that conditioning effects on evaluative judgments are often reduced when participants become aware of the contingency between CS und US Fulcher & Hammerl, 2001;Walther, 2002). From the perspective of the APE model, one could argue that contingency awareness reduces participants' trust in the validity of their associative evaluations, such that actual changes in associative structure are not reflected in evaluative judgments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.

Gawronski

Bodenhausen²

2006

Psychological Bulletin

2,169

167

2,441

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A central theme in recent research on attitudes is the distinction between deliberate, "explicit" attitudes and automatic, "implicit" attitudes. The present article provides an integrative review of the available evidence on implicit and explicit attitude change that is guided by a distinction between associative and propositional processes. Whereas associative processes are characterized by mere activation independent of subjective truth or falsity, propositional reasoning is concerned with the validation of evaluations and beliefs. The proposed associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model makes specific assumptions about the mutual interplay of the 2 processes, implying several mechanisms that lead to symmetric or asymmetric changes in implicit and explicit attitudes. The model integrates a broad range of empirical evidence and implies several new predictions for implicit and explicit attitude change.Keywords: attitude change, cognitive consistency, dual-process models, evaluative conditioning, implicit measures If eras of psychological research can be characterized in terms of general ideas, a major theme of the current era is probably the notion of automaticity. Many aspects of human behavior that have previously been assumed to have their roots in higher order processes of deliberate reasoning are now viewed as resulting from automatic processes that may occur spontaneously and outside of people's awareness or control (Bargh, 1997;Moors & De Houwer, 2006). This perspective is also dominant in contemporary research on attitudes, in which deliberate, "explicit" attitudes are often contrasted with automatic, "implicit" attitudes (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Petty, Fazio, & Briñol, in press;Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000; Wittenbrink & Schwarz, in press). Whereas the former are usually equated with deliberative, self-reported evaluations, the latter are typically inferred from people's performance on response latency measures, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) or sequential priming tasks (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995;Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997).Even though previous models effectively account for the differential impact of implicit and explicit attitudes on spontaneous and deliberate behavior (e.g., Strack & Deutsch, 2004;Wilson et al., 2000), theories of attitude change still face a considerable asymmetry in integrating the available evidence. Contemporary models of persuasion have been very successful in explaining the influence of different kinds of message cues on self-reported explicit evaluations (Chen & Chaiken, 1999;Kruglanski & Thompson, 1999;Petty & Wegener, 1999; for a review, see Visser & Cooper, 2003). However, changes in implicit attitudes are still largely unexplained. This shortfall has its roots in at least two conceptual issues. First, several models of attitude change do not distinguish between implicit and explicit attitudes in the first place but treat attitudes as a unitary construct (e.g., Chaiken, Liberman, & Eagly, 1989...

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Guilty by mere association: Evaluative conditioning and the spreading attitude effect.

Cited by 217 publications

References 75 publications

Evaluative conditioning: Recent developments and future directions

Evaluative conditioning: Recent developments and future directions

Consumer persuasion: Indirect change and implicit balance

Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.

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