Gut Microbes, Diet, and Cancer

Abstract

An expanding body of evidence supports a role for gut microbes in the etiology of cancer. Previously, the focus was on identifying individual bacterial species that directly initiate or promote gastrointestinal malignancies; however, the capacity of gut microbes to influence systemic inflammation and other downstream pathways suggests that the gut microbial community may also affect risk of cancer in tissues outside of the gastrointestinal tract. Functional contributions of the gut microbiota that may influence cancer susceptibility in the broad sense include (1) harvesting otherwise inaccessible nutrients and/or sources of energy from the diet (i.e., fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch); (2) metabolism of xenobiotics, both potentially beneficial or detrimental (i.e., dietary constituents, drugs, carcinogens, etc.); (3) renewal of gut epithelial cells and maintenance of mucosal integrity; and (4) affecting immune system development and activity. Understanding the complex and dynamic interplay between the gut microbiome, host immune system, and dietary exposures may help elucidate mechanisms for carcinogenesis and guide future cancer prevention and treatment strategies.

The Microbiome of the Prostate Tumor Microenvironment

“…Due to the unavailability of normal, healthy prostate specimens, we used the nontumoral area selected within the tumoral prostate specimens. If, on the one hand this is a limit, on the other hand the comparison of matched T, PT, and NT areas minimized interpatient confounding factors such as diet or lifestyle, which are already known to significantly impact microbiome composition [5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…While age, ethnicity, and family history maintain their etiologic role as risk factors, throughout the last decades, viral and bacterial infections, inflammatory stimuli, and environmental factors, such as diet and lifestyle, have gained attention for their recognized involvement in terms of prostate biology [2][3][4][5]. All these factors are known to affect the composition of microbiota, the complex community of symbiotic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses living within the human body, interacting with each other and with the host, and eventually impacting overall health and physiology [6][7][8].…”

Diet, the Gut Microbiome, and Epigenetics

“…Infectious pathways, the genotoxic effects of microbial metabolites, and pathogens involved in epigenetics that affect host health are addressed elsewhere. 3, 4 Here, we present below examples of the role of the microbiome in dietary metabolism, an overview of eukaryotic epigenetic mechanisms, and microbially-derived metabolites that are relevant to eukaryotic epigenetic changes in gene expression that may be linked to colon cancer. In particular, we focus on the following microbial metabolites: the short chain fatty acids (SCFA), isothiocyanates, lipids, and select polyphenols.…”

A Novel Automated Immune Boosting Machine (Blueprint Glimpse) Which May Increase Life Span and Insight into Unexploited Benefits of Febrile Responses (Fever)

“…Macrophages, NK cells, and cytokines among others) their combine mode of action such as antigen presentation by T cells, agglutination, phygocytosis of macrophages, cytotoxix effects of NK cells,immune cells growth modulation by suppressor T cells, in addition to different roles of cytokines, interluekines and tumour necrosis factors have been described in the literature, the physiologic manoeuvre of cellular immunity, heamopoitic formation of all leukocytes, and peculiar self and nonself recognizing ability of immunes cells are all activated together with internal physiologic processes such as hyperaemia, vasodilatation, and chemotactic communication, activation of sensory reception and neural input to maintain in a regular way, constant internal body defence machinery, for instance in HIV AIDS presence of opportunistic disease had been linked to low CD4 and CD8 counts, so that hitherto harmless sickness result to death, the ineffectiveness of treatment in advance state of immune deficient syndromes had been linked to immunity breakdown [1], thus it could be argued that immune boost often aid treatment, speed cure and healing in ill health. The internal milieu is constantly expose to antigenic attack, the gut for instance contains host of bacterial which without the barricaded intervening immune cells could cause cancers [2], septicaemia and other insults in the body, the physiologic processes are averse to both infectious and non infectious conditions, of course sometimes unintended effects of immune response may threatened normal physiological values and therefore good health, for wide variations well beyond narrowly acceptable limits had been described in allergies [3], hypersensitivity [4], glucocorticoid use in certain treatment attest to the fact [5,6], exceptional cases also encompass autoimmune disease [7], nevertheless the body employ particular array of attacking cells differently for different situations as determined by specific physiologically mediated cellular immunity, both specific and non-specific immune categories, for instance. The pathological indication of poor immune health is a function of areas of the body susceptible to disease; and they are GIT, reproductive areas and the circulatory systems and zones of heamopoises.…”