Gut Microbiota in Health and Diseases – A Review

Jethwani, Poonam; Grover, Kiran

doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2019.808.187

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The GM exerts effects on the host during homeostasis and disease [ 1 ]. In recent years, the human GM has emerged as an area of utmost interest, considering the impact that the microbiota have on health and disease [ 2 ]. The reduction in gut bacterial diversity (dysbiosis) has been linked to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory and infectious diseases [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Salt Diet Induces Depletion of Lactic Acid-Producing Bacteria in Murine Gut

et al. 2022

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Dietary habits are amongst the main factors that influence the gut microbiome. Accumulating evidence points to the impact of a high-salt diet (HSD) on the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota, immune system and disease. In the present study, we thus investigated the effects of different NaCl content in the food (0.03%/sodium deficient, 0.5%/control, 4% and 10% NaCl) on the gut microbiome composition in mice. The bacterial composition was profiled using the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing. Our results revealed that HSD led to distinct gut microbiome compositions compared to sodium-deficient or control diets. We also observed significant reduction in relative abundances of bacteria associated with immuno-competent short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (Bifidobacterium, Faecalibaculum, Blautia and Lactobacillus) in HSD-fed mice along with significant enrichment of Clostridia, Alistipes and Akkermansia depending on the sodium content in food. Furthermore, the predictive functional profiling of microbial communities indicated that the gut microbiota found in each category presents differences in metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism. The presented data show that HSD cause disturbances in the ecological balance of the gastrointestinal microflora primarily through depletion of lactic acid-producing bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. These findings may have important implications for salt-sensitive inflammatory diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Salt Diet Induces Depletion of Lactic Acid-Producing Bacteria in Murine Gut

et al. 2022

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“…Gut microbiota consists of more than 1500 species, distributed in more than 50 different phyla [ 3 ]. The most abundant phyla were reported to be Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, followed by Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, which make up to 90% of the total microbial population in humans [ 2 , 4 ]. Concerning diversity, the developing infant microbiota progressively undergoes an increase in within-individual diversity (the so-called alpha diversity) and a decrease in between-individual diversity (beta diversity) [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Gut Microbiota In Infants and Children: What Influences It?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Special Diets in Infants and Children and Impact on Gut Microbioma

Profio¹,

Magenes²,

Fiore³

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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Gut microbiota is a complex system that starts to take shape early in life. Several factors influence the rise of microbial gut colonization, such as term and mode of delivery, exposure to antibiotics, maternal diet, presence of siblings and family members, pets, genetics, local environment, and geographical location. Breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and later dietary patterns during infancy and toddlerhood are major players in the proper development of microbial communities. Nonetheless, if dysbiosis occurs, gut microbiota may remain impaired throughout life, leading to deleterious consequences, such as greater predisposition to non-communicable diseases, more susceptible immune system and altered gut–brain axis. Children with specific diseases (i.e., food allergies, inborn errors of metabolism, celiac disease) need a special formula and later a special diet, excluding certain foods or nutrients. We searched on PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Embase for relevant pediatric studies published over the last twenty years on gut microbiota dietary patterns and excluded case reports or series and letters. The aim of this review is to highlight the changes in the gut microbiota in infants and children fed with special formula or diets for therapeutic requirements and, its potential health implications, with respect to gut microbiota under standard diets.

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“…More than 50 different phyla have been recorded, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes followed by Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia being the most common. 36 , 37 …”

Section: The Gut Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

“… 57 , 58 Predominance of this diet type is also associated with lowered immune function (and hence, susceptibility to infection and metabolic diseases). 37 …”

Section: The Gut Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiome and neurosurgery: Implications for treatment

Willman

Reddy

et al. 2022

Clinical and Translational Dis

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Introduction: The aim of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the gut-brain axis (GBA), its impact on neurosurgery, and its implications for future treatment. Background: An abundance of research has established the existence of a collection of pathways between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system (CNS), commonly known as the GBA. Complicating this relationship, the gut microbiome bacterial diversity appears to change with age, antibiotic exposure and a number of external and internal factors. Methods: In this paper, we present the current understanding of the key protective and deleterious roles the gut microbiome plays in the pathogenesis of several common neurosurgical concerns. Results: Specifically, we examine how spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury and stroke may cause gut microbial dysbiosis. Furthermore, this link appears to be bidirectional as gut dysbiosis contributes to secondary CNS injury in each of these ailment settings. This toxic cycle may be broken, and the future secondary damage rescued by timely, therapeutic, gut microbiome modification. In addition, a robust gut microbiome appears to improve outcomes in brain tumour treatment. There are several primary routes by which microbiome dysbiosis may be ameliorated, including faecal microbiota transplant, oral probiotics, bacteriophages, genetic modification of gut microbiota and vagus nerve stimulation. Conclusion: The GBA represents an important component of patient care in the field of neurosurgery. Future research may illuminate ideal methods of therapeutic microbiome modulation in distinct pathogenic settings.

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Gut Microbiota in Health and Diseases – A Review

Cited by 24 publications

References 62 publications

High-Salt Diet Induces Depletion of Lactic Acid-Producing Bacteria in Murine Gut

High-Salt Diet Induces Depletion of Lactic Acid-Producing Bacteria in Murine Gut

Special Diets in Infants and Children and Impact on Gut Microbioma

Gut microbiome and neurosurgery: Implications for treatment

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