Gymnastic training and bone density in pre-adolescent females

Dyson, K.; Blimkie, C. J.R.; Davison, Kelly; Webber, Colin E.; Adachi, Jonathan D.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199704000-00004

Cited by 120 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These findings are in contrast to other reports of restrictive eating patterns in young elite (8,9) and college-age (1,7) gymnasts but similar to nonelite, but competitive, young gymnasts. (30,31) When normalized for FFST mass, protein intake was lower in gymnasts versus controls. Presently, the AI for calcium in 9-13 year olds is 1300 mg/ day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These findings support the idea that artistic gymnastics training contributes to the development of high TB and site-specific BMD observed in child gymnasts. (18,(30)(31)(32) Several investigators report that FN and LS BMD begins to increase significantly at age 12, (33)(34)(35) with the greatest gains observed after the onset of puberty. (35) In females, the average annual rate of gain in FN and LS BMD is ∼4.9% and ∼4.8%, respectively, until age 20 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

Nickols‐Richardson

O’Connor

Shapses

et al. 1999

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

Nickols‐Richardson

O’Connor

Shapses

et al. 1999

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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“…In fact, estimated energy balance, BMI and serum levels of T 3 and IGF-I correlated positively with serum levels of bone formation markers in the amenorrheic distance runners (Zanker & Swaine 1998). Furthermore, leptin receptors have been found in bone (Bradley et al 1997, Dyson et al 1997, thus depression of leptin levels and suppression of the diurnal leptin rhythm associated with low energy intake may mediate not only reproductive function but also bone accretion. The osteopenia observed in amenorrheic athletes involved in sports emphasizing leanness may therefore be another adaptive response to chronic low energy intake.…”

Section: Skeletal Problemsmentioning

confidence: 95%

The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system

Warren¹,

Perlroth²

2001

Journal of Endocrinology

381

198

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Women have become increasingly physically active in recent decades. While exercise provides substantial health benefits, intensive exercise is also associated with a unique set of risks for the female athlete. Hypothalamic dysfunction associated with strenuous exercise, and the resulting disturbance of GnRH pulsatility, can result in delayed menarche and disruption of menstrual cyclicity.Specific mechanisms triggering reproductive dysfunction may vary across athletic disciplines. An energy drain incurred by women whose energy expenditure exceeds dietary energy intake appears to be the primary factor effecting GnRH suppression in athletes engaged in sports emphasizing leanness; nutritional restriction may be an important causal factor in the hypoestrogenism observed in these athletes. A distinct hormonal profile characterized by hyperandrogenism rather than hypoestrogenism is associated with athletes engaged in sports emphasizing strength over leanness. Complications associated with suppression of GnRH include infertility and compromised bone density. Failure to attain peak bone mass and bone loss predispose hypoestrogenic athletes to osteopenia and osteoporosis.Metabolic aberrations associated with nutritional insult may be the primary factors effecting low bone density in hypoestrogenic athletes, thus diagnosis should include careful screening for abnormal eating behavior. Increasing caloric intake to offset high energy demand may be sufficient to reverse menstrual dysfunction and stimulate bone accretion. Treatment with exogenous estrogen may help to curb further bone loss in the hypoestrogenic amenorrheic athlete, but may not be sufficient to stimulate bone growth. Treatment aimed at correcting metabolic abnormalities may in fact prove more effective than that aimed at correcting estrogen deficiencies.

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“…Few investigators have attempted to evaluate bone geometry in response to exercise; as a result, limited evidence has been provided for an effect of mechanical loading on bone architecture (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Even fewer studies have demonstrated geometric adaptation to mechanical loading during growth (8)(9)(10)(11)(12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Geometry, Density, and Strength Indices of the Distal Radius Reflect Loading via Childhood Gymnastic Activity

Dowthwaite

Flowers

Spadaro

et al. 2007

Journal of Clinical Densitometry

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The distal radius bears unique forces during gymnastic activity. Its relatively simple anatomy, minimal soft tissue envelope and varied composition make the distal radius ideal for evaluating the effects of loading on bone properties. For 56 premenarcheal gymnasts and non-gymnasts, ultradistal and 1/3 distal radius DXA scans measured bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density and projected area. Simplified geometric models were used to generate bone mineral apparent density (BMAD), geometric indices, strength indices and fall strength ratios. Ratios of regional BMC vs. total body fat free mass (FFM) were calculated. Separate Tanner I and II analyses of covariance adjusted bone parameters for age and height. Ratios were compared using maturity-matched analyses of variance. At the 1/3 region, periosteal width, BMC, cortical cross-sectional area, and section modulus were greater in gymnasts than non-gymnasts (p<0.05); 1/3 BMAD means were equivalent. Ultradistal BMAD, BMC and index for structural strength in axial compression were higher in gymnasts than non-gymnasts; ultradistal periosteal width was only larger in Tanner I gymnasts. Fall strength ratios and BMC/FFM ratios were greater in gymnasts (p<0.05). Geometric and volumetric responses to mechanical loading are site-specific during late childhood and early adolescence.The distal radius bears unique forces during gymnastic activity, and fan beam magnification error is negligible at this site, making it ideal for DXA evaluation of associated bone properties. For 56 premenarcheal gymnasts and non-gymnasts, ultradistal and 1/3 distal radius DXA scans measured bone mineral content, areal bone mineral density and projected area. Simplified geometric models were used to generate bone mineral apparent density, geometric indices, strength indices and fall strength ratios. Ratios of regional bone mineral content vs. total body fat free mass were calculated. Separate Tanner I and II analyses of covariance adjusted bone parameters for age and height. Ratios were compared using maturity-matched analyses of variance. At the 1/3 region, periosteal width, bone mineral content, cortical cross-sectional area, and section modulus were greater in gymnasts than non-gymnasts (p<0.05); 1/3 bone mineral apparent densities were equivalent. Gymnasts' ultradistal bone mineral apparent density, bone mineral content and index for structural strength in axial compression were higher; ultradistal periosteal width was only larger in Tanner I gymnasts. Fall strength ratios and bone mineral content vs. fat-free mass were greater in gymnasts (p<0.05). Gymnasts' geometric and volumetric responses to mechanical loading are site-specific during late childhood and early adolescence.

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Gymnastic training and bone density in pre-adolescent females

Cited by 120 publications

References 32 publications

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system

Bone Geometry, Density, and Strength Indices of the Distal Radius Reflect Loading via Childhood Gymnastic Activity

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