H<sup>+</sup> and O<sup>+</sup> content of the plasma sheet at 15–19 Re as a function of geomagnetic and solar activity

Mouikis, C.; Kistler, L. M.; Liu, Y. H.; Klecker, B.; Korth, A.; Dandouras, I.

doi:10.1029/2010ja015978

Cited by 82 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This is reasonable since the solar EUV radiation controls the overall ionospheric ionization, heating, and molecular composition. Accordingly, the O + number density in the plasma sheet is strongly correlated with solar activity (F10.7) [Young et al, 1982;Lennartsson, 1989;Mouikis et al, 2010], and the energy flux of energetic (>9 keV) O + ions also changes during a solar cycle [Nosé et al, 2009]. A similar tendency was also found for the O + ions in the ring current [Pulkkinen et al, 2001].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Energetic O⁺and H⁺ions in the plasma sheet: Implications for the transport of ionospheric ions

et al. 2011

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[1] The present study statistically examines the characteristics of energetic ions in the plasma sheet using the Geotail/Energetic Particle and Ion Composition data. An emphasis is placed on the O + ions, and the characteristics of the H + ions are used as references. The following is a summary of the results. (1) (5) The O + -to-H + ratios of number and energy densities increase toward Earth during all solar phases, but most clearly during solar maximum. These results suggest that the solar illumination enhances the ionospheric outflow more effectively with increasing geomagnetic activity and that a significant portion of the O + ions is transported directly from the ionosphere to the near-Earth region rather than through the distant tail.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Energetic O⁺and H⁺ions in the plasma sheet: Implications for the transport of ionospheric ions

et al. 2011

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“…We also note that due to the Cluster orbit, suitable data are not always obtained from the period of highest geomagnetic activity for each storm. Similar enhancements in the O + density with geomagnetic activity in the near-Earth tail plasma sheet have been reported by Lennartsson and Shelley (1986), Mouikis et al (2010), and Maggiolo and Kistler (2014). Unfortunately, we were not able to confirm that this scaled outflow enhancement is escaping because our observations are made in the polar cap and the average velocities do not confirm a clear O + escape tendency.…”

Section: Geomagnetic Activitycontrasting

confidence: 48%

Relative outflow enhancements during major geomagnetic storms – Cluster observations

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The rate of ion outflow from the polar ionosphere is known to vary by orders of magnitude, depending on the geomagnetic activity. However, the upper limit of the outflow rate during the largest geomagnetic storms is not well constrained due to poor spatial coverage during storm events. In this paper, we analyse six major geomagnetic storms between 2001 and 2004 using Cluster data. The six major storms fulfil the criteria of Dst < −100 nT or Kp > 7+. Since the shape of the magnetospheric regions (plasma mantle, lobe and inner magnetosphere) are distorted during large magnetic storms, we use both plasma beta (β) and ion characteristics to define a spatial box where the upward O + flux scaled to an ionospheric reference altitude for the extreme event is observed. The relative enhancement of the scaled outflow in the spatial boxes as compared to the data from the full year when the storm occurred is estimated. Only O + data were used because H + may have a solar wind origin. The storm time data for most cases showed up as a clearly distinguishable separate peak in the distribution toward the largest fluxes observed. The relative enhancement in the outflow region during storm time is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to less disturbed time. The largest relative scaled outflow enhancement is 83 (7 November 2004) and the highest scaled O + outflow observed is 2 × 10 14 m −2 s −1 (29 October 2003).

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“…Spacecraft observation shows that the density of oxygen in the plasma sheet can be the dominating ion species during storm-time conditions (André & Cully, 2012;Kistler & Mouikis, 2016;Kistler et al, 2005Kistler et al, , 2006Mouikis et al, 2010). During such conditions, ionospheric outflow from high latitudes enriches the magnetospheric lobes with cold oxygen.…”

Section: Simulation Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Oxygen on the Reconnection Rate

Tenfjord

Hesse

Norgren

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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We investigate the role of a background oxygen population in magnetic reconnection, using particle‐in‐cell simulations. We run several simulations, with different initial oxygen temperatures and densities, to understand how the reconnection rate is influenced, as oxygen is captured by the reconnection process. The oxygen remains approximately demagnetized on the relevant time and spatial scales and therefore has little direct (i.e., immediate mass loading) effect on the reconnection process itself. The reconnection rate is independent of the initial oxygen temperature but clearly dependent on the density. The reduced reconnection rate is twice as fast as predicted by mass loading. We describe a mechanism where the oxygen population (and the associated electrons) acts as an energy sink on the system, altering the energy partitioning. Based on a scaling analysis, we derive an estimate of the reconnection electric field that scales as (1+no/np)−1, where no and np is the oxygen and proton densities, respectively.

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H⁺ and O⁺ content of the plasma sheet at 15–19 Re as a function of geomagnetic and solar activity

Cited by 82 publications

References 26 publications

Energetic O⁺and H⁺ions in the plasma sheet: Implications for the transport of ionospheric ions

Energetic O⁺and H⁺ions in the plasma sheet: Implications for the transport of ionospheric ions

Relative outflow enhancements during major geomagnetic storms – Cluster observations

The Impact of Oxygen on the Reconnection Rate

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H+ and O+ content of the plasma sheet at 15–19 Re as a function of geomagnetic and solar activity

Cited by 82 publications

References 26 publications

Energetic O+and H+ions in the plasma sheet: Implications for the transport of ionospheric ions

Energetic O+and H+ions in the plasma sheet: Implications for the transport of ionospheric ions

Relative outflow enhancements during major geomagnetic storms – Cluster observations

The Impact of Oxygen on the Reconnection Rate

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Product

Resources

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H⁺ and O⁺ content of the plasma sheet at 15–19 Re as a function of geomagnetic and solar activity

Energetic O⁺and H⁺ions in the plasma sheet: Implications for the transport of ionospheric ions

Energetic O⁺and H⁺ions in the plasma sheet: Implications for the transport of ionospheric ions