H2-MHR conceptual designs based on the sulphur iodine process and high-temperature electrolysis

A feasibility study of implementing an Ammonia Economy

“…: World natural gas reserves by country [4] Figure 2: World coal reserves by country [4] Figure 3: Sulphur-iodine thermochemical process shown by Richards et al [19] Table 1: Financial assumptions for Gray and Tomlinson study [3,5] Table 2: Summary of Gray and Tomlinson study results for several coal gasification technologies [5] Table 3: Financial assumptions for Kreutz et al study [11] Table 4: Summary of Kreutz et al study results for several coal gasification technologies [11] Table 5: Summary of hydrogen production cost from wind energy by Levene et al [30] Table 6: Hydrogen production studies summary Table 7: Hydrogen production studies adjusted for inflation Table 8: Conversion efficiency from hydrogen to ammonia Table 9: Economic assumptions for ammonia synthesis facility Table 10: Specific capital cost for ammonia synthesis for designs with and without ASU and gas turbine for a 2,200 t/day synthesis plant Table 11: Specific capital cost per tonne of ammonia and total plant cost based on plant size and use of ASU Table 12: Calculated cost of ammonia from hydrogen sources Table 13: Comparison of alternative fuel costs in 2007 dollars Table 14: Sensitivity analysis results Table 15: Comparison between hydrogen and ammonia low-temperature storage Table 16: Comparison of storage vessel transport methods for ammonia and hydrogen Table 17: Comparison between hydrogen and ammonia pipeline system Table 18: Energy use in the methane and ammonia pipeline systems Table 19: Pipeline analysis results Table 20: Production, storage, and transportation cost for hydrogen and ammonia vi ABSTRACT This thesis reports the results of a feasibility study performed on the concept of an Ammonia Economy, which treats ammonia as an alternative fuel and energy storage mechanism. As part of the Ammoni...…”

“…Hydrogen is produced by decomposing hydrogen iodide into hydrogen and iodine at 300°C while the iodine is then recycled back into the process. The hydrogen is produced with an overall efficiency of 45% based on the higher heating value of hydrogen [19]. [19] Thermochemical water splitting offers the advantage of a higher efficiency compared to conventional electrolysis.…”

“…The hydrogen is produced with an overall efficiency of 45% based on the higher heating value of hydrogen [19]. [19] Thermochemical water splitting offers the advantage of a higher efficiency compared to conventional electrolysis. A study by Schultz found the General Atomics Modular Helium Reactor (MHR) combined with the sulphur-iodine (SI) process provided the best combined system [18].…”

“…Another study of MHR hydrogen production by Richards et al showed a similar production cost as the Schultz study. According to Richards et al, hydrogen can be produced by using the SI process for 1.84 $/kg adjusted to 2007 dollars [19]…”

Cogeneration: An option to facilitate load following in Small Modular Reactors

“…This process is still under R&D, and different options are considered (Gupta 2008;Agency 2006). With this process, the hydrogen can be produced with an overall efficiency of about 45% using almost only hear (Richards 2006). Because sulfuric acid and halogen are very corrosive, the selection of the structural materials is an important and still open issue.…”