H2S-producing reactions in deep carbonate gas reservoirs: Khuff Formation, Abu Dhabi

Worden, Richard H.; Smalley, P. C.

doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(96)00074-5

Cited by 328 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Hydrocarbons are thermodynamically unstable in the presence of sulfate in deep carbonate sediments (Anisimov, 1978;Hutcheon et al, 1995) and thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) will occur resulting in the disappearance of hydrocarbons. Previous work (Machel et al, 1995;Worden and Smalley, 1996;Machel, 1998) has shown that TSR is a common reaction in geological sediments at temperatures ranging from 100°C to 200°C. Hydrocarbons including branched or nalkanes, cyclic and mono-aromatic species in the gasoline range participate in TSR and the sulfate is almost always derived from gypsum or anhydrite (Kiyosu, 1980;Hill, 1990;Leventhal, 1990;Alonso-Azcarate et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions between C1-C3 hydrocarbons and calcium sulfate in deep carbonate reservoirs

Yue

Ding

et al. 2006

Geochem. J.

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Organic-inorganic reactions during thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) are the main cause for the destruction of hydrocarbons in deep carbonate sediments. In this paper, thermal simulation experiments on C 1 -C 3 hydrocarbons and solid calcium sulfate were carried out using an autoclave operated at high temperature and high pressure. The gas and solid products were characterized by advanced analytical methods including microcoulometry, gas chromatography and FT-IR. The kinetics and thermodynamics were investigated on the basis of the experimental data, and the results showed that the reactions of C 1 -C 3 hydrocarbons and solid calcium sulfate can proceed spontaneously in the laboratory to produce H 2 S, H 2 O, and CaCO 3 as the main products. From the kinetic calculation, it is found that these three reactions are zero order reactions with activation energies of 152.9 kJ/mol, 131.0 kJ/mol and 120.6 kJ/mol, respectively. When extrapolated to geological temperatures, the time needed to reach 50% conversion at the temperature of 200°C for the reaction between CH 4 and CaSO 4 is 1.44 million years.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions between C1-C3 hydrocarbons and calcium sulfate in deep carbonate reservoirs

Yue

Ding

et al. 2006

Geochem. J.

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“…Since the alkane gases and their co-generated helium usually share the same genetic type, the inorganic origin of the hydrogen sulfide could be excluded. The BSR reaction is considered to occur in a shallow-buried environment at a low temperature (<80˚C) (Orr, 1974;1977;Machel, 2001;Worden and Smalley, 1996). The present burial depths of the highlyconcentrated sour gas fields in this study are between 3000 to 7500 m. The maximum burial depth of Puguang sour gas field once reached more than 8000m with the temperature higher than 200˚C (Cai et al, 2004;Zhu et al, 2007a;Hao et al, 2008;Ma et al, 2008;Li et al, 2012).…”

Section: The Origin Of Extremely High Content Of Hydrogen Sulfidementioning

confidence: 81%

Characteristics of Gas Compositions in Giant Gas Fields of China

Gong

Huang

et al. 2014

Energy Exploration & Exploitation

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By the end of 2011, altogether 48 giant gas fields with each proven reserves over 300×10 8 m 3 had been discovered in China. After studying on the main molecular compositions (methane, heavy hydrocarbon gases, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide) of 1170 gas samples in these gas fields, it is found that: a). Alkane gases dominate the molecular compositions of the natural gases; the extremely low content of them have a tight relationship with the extremely high content of non-hydrocarbon gases; methane accounts for 60.1% of the alkane gases. b). Carbon dioxide has the average content of 4.09%; carbon dioxide with an extremely high content (>50%) is mainly distributed in Dongfang1-1, Changling and Songnan gas fields; highly concentrated CO 2 in the former one was crustal-derived while that in the latter two was mantle-derived. c). Nitrogen has an average content of 3.56% which is quite low; highly concentrated nitrogen (>20%) is mainly distributed in Hetianhe, Tazhong, Ledong22-1 and Dongfang1-1 gas fields which are organic-originated. d). Hydrogen sulfide has been detected in 12 giant gas fields, with the content of 4.91% in average; the Triassic is the most centralized zone for hydrogen sulfide while the Sichuan Basin has the largest number of sour gas fields and sour gas bearing zones; 7 sour gas fields of high H 2 S content (2% ~ 70%) are found which are resulted from the thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR).

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“…In the condensate reservoirs of Well-ZG7 and ZG9 blocks with the highest production volume of formation water, the H 2 S concentration is up to 600 g/m 3 (Table 3) migration pathway for the formation water in gas condensate reservoirs, and contribute high H 2 S in the condensate reservoirs around the faults. Much previous research has proved TSR between hydrocarbons and sulfate could induce oil-cracking processes in actual geological conditions (Worden and Smalley 1996;Wei et al 2012). It is generally agreed that the sulfate contact ion-pair would be the dominant mechanism to trigger thermochemical sulfate reduction (Rudolph et al 2003;Amrani et al 2008).…”

Section: The Formation Mechanism Of High H 2 S In the Condensate Resementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of formation water on the generation of H2S in condensate reservoirs: a case study from the deep Ordovician in the Tazhong Uplift of the Tarim Basin, NW China

Jin

Wang

et al. 2017

Pet. Sci.

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A number of condensate reservoirs with high concentrations of H 2 S have been discovered in the deep dolomite reservoirs of the lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation (O 1 y) in the Tazhong Uplift, where the formation water has a high pH value. In the O 1 y reservoir, the concentrations of Mg 2? and SO 4 2-in the formation water are higher than those in the upper Ordovician formation. The concentration of H 2 S in the condensate reservoirs and the concentration of Mg 2? in the formation water correlate well in the O 1 y reservoirs of the Tazhong Uplift, which indicates a presumed thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) origin of H 2 S according to the oxidation theory of contact ion-pairs (CIPs). Besides, the pH values of the formation water are positively correlated with the concentration of H 2 S in the condensate reservoirs, which may indicate that high pH might be another factor to promote and maintain TSR. Oil-source correlation of biomarkers in the sulfuretted condensates indicates the Cambrian source rocks could be the origin of condensates. The formation water in the condensate reservoirs of O 1 y is similar to that in the Cambrian; therefore, the TSR of sulfate-CIPs likely occurred in the Cambrian. High H 2 S-bearing condensates are mainly located near the No. 1 Fault and NE-SW strikeslip faults, which are the major migration pathway of deep fluids in the Tazhong Uplift. The redox between sulfateCIPs and hydrocarbons is the generation mechanism of H 2 S in the deep dolomite condensate reservoirs of the Tazhong Uplift. This finding should be helpful to predict the fluid properties of deep dolomite reservoirs.

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H2S-producing reactions in deep carbonate gas reservoirs: Khuff Formation, Abu Dhabi

Cited by 328 publications

References 19 publications

Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions between C1-C3 hydrocarbons and calcium sulfate in deep carbonate reservoirs

Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions between C1-C3 hydrocarbons and calcium sulfate in deep carbonate reservoirs

Characteristics of Gas Compositions in Giant Gas Fields of China

Impact of formation water on the generation of H2S in condensate reservoirs: a case study from the deep Ordovician in the Tazhong Uplift of the Tarim Basin, NW China

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