H2s Scavengers Injection: A Novel Evaluation Protocol to Enhance the Integrity of Production Lines

Mendez, Conchita; Magalhaes, Alvaro Oliveira; Altoe, Pedro; Acosta, Eduardo

doi:10.4043/otc-20168-ms

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The uptake capacities of a series of conventional H 2 S scavenger chemistries for alkyl mercaptans and H 2 S were measured directly. The protocol chosen was the elegant and widely used multiphase autoclave method Figure shows a schematic of the type of the autoclave setup and sulfur species analyzer used in this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scavenging Alkyl Mercaptans: Elucidation of Reaction Mechanisms and Byproduct Characterization

Wylde

Taylor

Sorbie³

et al. 2020

Energy Fuels

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The removal of alkyl mercaptans via chemical means in the oil and gas industry has received very little attention compared with the much more extensive work on hydrogen sulfide (H2S) scavenging. The removal of H2S from produced liquids, aqueous, hydrocarbon, and gas is a vitally important part of the oil and gas industry. Typically, liquid chemical scavengers are employed for H2S levels up to approximately 5000 ppm. Above this, sequestering-type methods are employed such as amine recycling units from which the H2S can be regenerated and used most typically to produce elemental sulfur. It has been known for some time that mercaptan scavenging is possible but anecdotally reported as being less effective than H2S scavenging. This current study seeks to improve the understanding of the efficacy and mechanism of mercaptan scavenging by the common H2S scavengers in use today. A thorough literature review is provided of the current state of the art in mercaptan scavenging is provided. For the first time, a systematic series of quantified scavenging performance results for a variety of prominent scavengers with volatile alkyl mercaptans have been presented using the well-known autoclave method. These results are directly compared with the corresponding values for H2S under identical reaction conditions; overall, the best product was 1,3,5-trimethylhexahydrotriazine (MMA-triazine). The chemical structures of the reaction byproducts with alkyl mercaptans, to date only suggested but never confirmed, have been proven by the application of rigorous analytical methods. Results for both MMA-triazine and 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine (MEA-triazine) reactions with ethyl, propyl, and butyl mercaptan comprehensively show, via the use of GCMS(-EI) analysis, representatives from each step in the sequential reaction pathway, containing each 1, 2, and 3 nitrogen atoms showing definitive evidence for the proposed reaction pathway.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The protocol chosen was the elegant and widely used multiphase autoclave method. 25 Figure 4 shows a schematic of the type of the autoclave setup and sulfur species analyzer used in this study. The method relies on the dissolution of sulfur species in the feed gas into a specified liquid medium in the autoclave.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scavenging Alkyl Mercaptans: Elucidation of Reaction Mechanisms and Byproduct Characterization

Wylde

Taylor

Sorbie³

et al. 2020

Energy Fuels

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“…Prior to field evaluation, the oil soluble H 2 S scavenger chemical was extensively evaluated through a comprehensive laboratory testing protocol in the company's laboratory to validate the effectiveness of the chemical as well as recommend optimal doses. Laboratory tests were vital to minimize the uncertainties and costs accompanying field trials under flowsituations (Mendez et al, 2009) 9 . The product was subsequently trial tested in the field on the two wells.…”

Section: Overview Of Testing Packagementioning

confidence: 99%

Saudi Arabia's Artificial Island Wells: Smart Thinking, Huge Rewards for Smokeless Flowback Option

2012

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One of the current largest oil increments in the world in Saudi Arabia is undergoing field development. The southern part of the field traverses the Arabian Gulf Sea. The Production Engineering team crossed major hurdles in the development of this field with Causeways construction on artificial islands over drill sites to assess well sites.Flowback options on wells in these drill sites to unload drilling fluids presented key challenges. The flowback objectives included well cleanup, stimulation, production logging, and extended well tests for reservoir characterization requirements. Flowback would also allow conducting electric submersible pumps (ESP) spin tests prior to ESPs installation.A smokeless flaring option considered the heavy crude's characteristics with relatively high H 2 S content, possible emulsions from intermixing with completion fluids, interwell spacing limitations, and the sensitive nature of the nearby challenging marine environment. The choices were between using a conventional flare system and modifying the proposed layout to optimize the project's objectives while respecting the constraints imposed by a sensitive aquatic environment, highly sour crude, space limitations, and work conditions or implementing pre-existing conventional practices with the attendant risks of compromising health, safety, and environment.The authors examine the processes leading to the implementation of a smokeless and an environmentally friendly flowback option. The discussion includes the modifications made to the burner system, and H 2 S removal from the gas and oil phases. Also a new methodology is presented that fully controlled oil and gas flow to the burner to mitigate the risk of burner flameout for the highest burning efficiency, minimizing spills, and enhancing safe operation. The authors examine the pros and cons of other welltest options such as to re-inject produced fluids into the same reservoir, different reservoirs, or injection into water injectors.Key significant technical contributions include the presentation of several practical measures to avoid oil spills, and to guarantee ambient air quality. The welltest layout included several automation systems or the elimination of human interventionto deliver safely the project's objectives. BackgroundThe drill sites sit on artificial islands constructed from piles of gravel and sand in about 22 feet of water. The Causeway concept itself was borne out of a need to protect the beds of sea-grass and algae in X bay, which supply abundant food for aquatic existence. The beds of sea-grass and algae are therefore the perfect home for species like shrimp, dolphins, crabs, fish, sea turtles, oysters, and some endangered classes. A prime objective was to sustainably manage the X field development while preserving this inherited fragile but untainted legacy of the environment. In addition to the sensitive marine habitat, proximity to public areas, limited well spacing, and a relatively high H 2 S amount in the crude all contribute to the challenging nature of thi...

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“…Prior to field evaluation, the oil soluble H 2 S scavenger chemical was extensively evaluated through a comprehensive laboratory testing protocol in the company's laboratory to validate the effectiveness of the chemical as well as recommend optimal doses. Laboratory tests were vital to minimize the uncertainties and costs accompanying field trials under flow situations (Mendez et al, 2009) 9 . The product was subsequently trial tested in the field on the two wells.…”

Section: Oil Soluble H 2 S Scavengermentioning

confidence: 99%

Responsible Oil Well Tests on Artificial Islands Close to Offshore Waters

Al-dhufairi

Arukhe

Al-Mutairi

et al. 2012

SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition

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Safeguarding and restoring the normal ecosystems and environment of the Arabian Gulf in an active hydrocarbon province undergoing field development is a tough challenge. Nevertheless, a multidisciplinary team involved in this field development has maintained a profound commitment in stewarding natural resources of the major carbonate field in Saudi Arabia. As part of the Kingdom's strategy to maintain crude oil production targets, production tests were needed to confirm potential of the wells in the Southern part of the field's structure prior to commissioning. The wells are located on drill sites in some artificial islands that were reclaimed from the sea. The six-well deliverability testing campaign should greatly enhance offshore field development, help to obtain reservoir characterization parameters, evaluate stimulation needs for producers, and assess comingling concept for selected wells. A total of 27 artificial Islands and a major transportation causeway were constructed by land reclamation from offshore waters of the Arabian Gulf. These facilitate onshore access to drill sites thus eliminating relatively more expensive fixed steel jacket rigs or platforms.Due to land space limitation and well spacing constraints on the drill sites, a compact well test facility layout was specifically designed to achieve smokeless flaring, full combustion, and minimize environmental impact. The design consists of two heat exchangers, three-phase separators, i-loop systems for effective H 2 S scavenging and chemical mix with crude, surge tanks and air compressors. When deployed, this system helped to meet the test objectives and addressed space limitation challenges, mitigated risk to sea pollution in a sensitive marine environment, and forestalled uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons to the environment.The completion of the cleanup and flow back operation on these wells with no single safety incident, uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons, or spill to nearby offshore waters was a major demonstration of leadership and a key contribution to well testing in similar environments. BackgroundMeeting global demands responsibly and reliably led to the company's development of the Y field close to the shoreline of the Arabian Gulf. Developing the prolific field is a crucial element in the company's energy supply strategy with a significant increment to the anticpated production levels within afew years. Due to the shallow water location, access to offshore drilling rigs would be impossible without extensively dredging offshore channels. The access challenge was handled by handled by building a causeway that connects to a series of artificial drilling islands. The primary causeway artery has +21 km total length with an additional +20 km of laterals. The laterals form branches of 25 islands designated for crude oil production. Two of the islands are dedicated for water injection to pressurize the field. The drilling islands and causeway were created from sand dredged from the seabed and protected with huge rocks around the slopes. Ju...

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H2s Scavengers Injection: A Novel Evaluation Protocol to Enhance the Integrity of Production Lines

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Scavenging Alkyl Mercaptans: Elucidation of Reaction Mechanisms and Byproduct Characterization

Scavenging Alkyl Mercaptans: Elucidation of Reaction Mechanisms and Byproduct Characterization

Saudi Arabia's Artificial Island Wells: Smart Thinking, Huge Rewards for Smokeless Flowback Option

Responsible Oil Well Tests on Artificial Islands Close to Offshore Waters

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