contents prologue ix introduction xi chapter 1. The epistemology and Methodology of exploratory social science Research: crossing popper with Marcuse 1 chapter 2. conceptualizing citizenship: Disjunctive, Dual, Divided, entangled, or What? 23 chapter 3. classical citizenship: The political and the social 43 chapter 4. Medieval european citizenship: christian Rights and Jewish Duties 67 chapter 5. france: liberalism Unveiled 83 chapter 6. The postcolonial Within: portugal, White and european 99 chapter 7. Brazil: experts in exclusion chapter 8. colombia: When law and Reality clash chapter 9. conclusion: learning from exploratory Research notes References index ix prologue This book grows out of, and indeed connects to, previous efforts (Reiter 2009; nef and Reiter 2009). its realization would have been impossible without the support i have received from the Desigualdades network of the free University of Berlin. i am very grateful for the support they have given me and want to express my sincere thanks, especially to prof. sergio costa. My time in Berlin and the dialogues i had with fellows, students, postdocs, and faculty have proven invaluable and allowed me to push my thoughts forward in significant ways. i am also indebted and very grateful for the critical and constructive comments i have received on earlier versions of several chapters of this book from Manuela Boatcă, Mitchell Glodek, Ulrich oslender, sergio costa, Katherine lebow, and eric Wolters. finally, i want to thank my home institution, Usf, especially my director, Rachel May, and my chair, Mohsen Milani, for allotting me the time and freedom necessary to finish this book. Thanks! xi introduction Philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.-KaRl MaRx, 1845 The central theme of this book is autonomy and self-rule. it focuses on those sites, historical and geographical, where people have taken up the banner of self-rule and established democratic systems. as soon as they have done so-and this is the thread weaving together the different stories here told-they had to face the adversary of those who had something to lose, namely, their own power and their privileges. at the same time that this book tells the story of autonomy and self-rule, it also tells the story of the defense of privilege, of exclusion and second-class citizenship, because one story cannot adequately be told without the other. Democracy, understood here in the strong sense, that is, as the strife to rule oneself and achieve autonomy, never "came about"-it was always fought for. in the same way, it never "vanished" or "withered away"; it was taken away, dismantled, or weakened by those who had something to lose from self-rule. The ways to establish democracy were as cunning as the ways to weaken and destroy it-and this book takes a closer look at how exactly this epic struggle played out, and still plays out, in different parts of the world. it focuses on the efforts of specific groups to establish self-rule and democracy, and it analyzes ho...
