Habitat use of sympatric prey suggests divergent anti-predator responses to recolonizing gray wolves

Dellinger, Justin A.; Shores, Carolyn R.; Craig, Apryle D.; Heithaus, Michael R.; Ripple, William J.; Wirsing, Aaron J.

doi:10.1007/s00442-018-4323-z

Cited by 36 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This disparity explains differences in the space use of these two deer species that emerge when they are exposed to the risk from wolf predation during phase two (b vs. a). Working in a system in eastern Washington, USA, Dellinger et al (2019) found that wolf presence elicited elevated use of sloped terrain by mule deer (b; heavy arrow), presumably because the uneven ground characterising these uplands confers an advantage to bounding prey seeking to escape coursing wolves. White-tailed deer space use differed comparatively little as a function of wolf presence, with individuals exposed to wolf risk manifesting small-scale shifts within their home ranges toward flat ground and roads that actually led to increased overlap with wolves (b; thin arrow).…”

Section: Properties Of the Preymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The context dependence of non‐consumptive predator effects

et al. 2020

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Non-consumptive predator effects (NCEs) are now widely recognised for their capacity to shape ecosystem structure and function. Yet, forecasting the propagation of these predator-induced trait changes through particular communities remains a challenge. Accordingly, focusing on plasticity in prey anti-predator behaviours, we conceptualise the multi-stage process by which predators trigger direct and indirect NCEs, review and distil potential drivers of contingencies into three key categories (properties of the prey, predator and setting), and then provide a general framework for predicting both the nature and strength of direct NCEs. Our review underscores the myriad factors that can generate NCE contingencies while guiding how research might better anticipate and account for them. Moreover, our synthesis highlights the value of mapping both habitat domains and prey-specific patterns of evasion success ('evasion landscapes') as the basis for predicting how direct NCEs are likely to manifest in any particular community. Looking ahead, we highlight two key knowledge gaps that continue to impede a comprehensive understanding of non-consumptive predator-prey interactions and their ecosystem consequences; namely, insufficient empirical exploration of (1) context-dependent indirect NCEs and (2) the ways in which direct and indirect NCEs are shaped interactively by multiple drivers of context dependence.

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Section: Properties Of the Preymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) exhibited divergent proactive shifts to terrain suiting their respective running gaits when exposed to grey wolves (Canis lupus) (Dellinger et al 2019;Fig. 2).…”

Section: O Hemionusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The context dependence of non‐consumptive predator effects

et al. 2020

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“…For example, sympatric prey species that flee predators with disparate means of locomotion may respond divergently to a shared predator by proactively seeking areas that suit their respective movement styles in preparation for an encounter or reactively shifting to these areas after an encounter has occurred. Consistent with this expectation, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus ) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus ) exhibited divergent proactive shifts to terrain suiting their respective running gaits when exposed to gray wolves (Canis lupus ) (Dellinger et al . 2019;Fig.…”

Section: Properties Of the Preymentioning

confidence: 86%

“…2007). Similarly, white-tailed deer whose domains fall within the larger movements of gray wolves exhibit space use changes within their home ranges facilitating their means of predator evasion (Dellinger et al . 2019).…”

Section: Moving Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This disparity explains differences in the space use of these two deer species that emerge when they are exposed to the risk from wolf predation during phase two (b versus a ). Working in a system in eastern Washington, USA, Dellinger et al . (2019) found that wolf presence elicited elevated use of sloped terrain by mule deer (b ; heavy arrow), presumably because the uneven ground characterizing these uplands confers an advantage to bounding prey seeking to escape coursing wolves.…”

Section: Moving Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The context dependence of non-consumptive predator effects

Wirsing

Heithaus

Brown

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Non-consumptive predator effects (NCEs) are now widely recognized for their capacity to shape ecosystem structure and function. Yet, forecasting the propagation of these predator-induced trait changes through particular communities remains a challenge, in part because we lack a predictive framework that accounts for environmental and species context. Accordingly, focusing on plasticity in prey anti-predator behaviors, we conceptualize the multi-stage process by which predators trigger direct and indirect NCEs, review and then distill potential drivers of NCE contingencies into three key categories (properties of the prey, predator, and setting), and conduct a meta-analysis to quantify the extent to which prey behavioral plasticity in response to predation risk hinges on a well-studied driver-prey energetic state. Our synthesis underscores the myriad factors that can generate NCE contingencies while guiding how research might better anticipate and account for them. We highlight two key knowledge gaps that continue to hinder development of a comprehensive framework for exploring non-consumptive predator-prey interactions. These are insufficient exploration of 1) context-dependent indirect NCEs and 2) the ways in which direct and indirect NCEs are shaped interactively by multiple drivers of context dependence.

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White‐tailed deer population dynamics in a multipredator landscape shaped by humans

Ganz,

Bassing,

DeVivo

et al. 2024

Ecological Applications

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Large terrestrial mammals increasingly rely on human‐modified landscapes as anthropogenic footprints expand. Land management activities such as timber harvest, agriculture, and roads can influence prey population dynamics by altering forage resources and predation risk via changes in habitat, but these effects are not well understood in regions with diverse and changing predator guilds. In northeastern Washington state, USA, white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are vulnerable to multiple carnivores, including recently returned gray wolves (Canis lupus), within a highly human‐modified landscape. To understand the factors governing predator–prey dynamics in a human context, we radio‐collared 280 white‐tailed deer, 33 bobcats (Lynx rufus), 50 cougars (Puma concolor), 28 coyotes (C. latrans), and 14 wolves between 2016 and 2021. We first estimated deer vital rates and used a stage‐structured matrix model to estimate their population growth rate. During the study, we observed a stable to declining deer population (lambda = 0.97, 95% confidence interval: 0.88, 1.05), with 74% of Monte Carlo simulations indicating population decrease and 26% of simulations indicating population increase. We then fit Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate how predator exposure, use of human‐modified landscapes, and winter severity influenced deer survival and used these relationships to evaluate impacts on overall population growth. We found that the population growth rate was dually influenced by a negative direct effect of apex predators and a positive effect of timber harvest and agricultural areas. Cougars had a stronger effect on deer population dynamics than wolves, and mesopredators had little influence on the deer population growth rate. Areas of recent timber harvest had 55% more forage biomass than older forests, but horizontal visibility did not differ, suggesting that timber harvest did not influence predation risk. Although proximity to roads did not affect the overall population growth rate, vehicle collisions caused a substantial proportion of deer mortalities, and reducing these collisions could be a win–win for deer and humans. The influence of apex predators and forage indicates a dual limitation by top‐down and bottom‐up factors in this highly human‐modified system, suggesting that a reduction in apex predators would intensify density‐dependent regulation of the deer population owing to limited forage availability.

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Habitat use of sympatric prey suggests divergent anti-predator responses to recolonizing gray wolves

Cited by 36 publications

References 54 publications

The context dependence of non‐consumptive predator effects

The context dependence of non‐consumptive predator effects

The context dependence of non-consumptive predator effects

White‐tailed deer population dynamics in a multipredator landscape shaped by humans

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